Summary Obesity-associated activation of inflammatory pathways represents a key step in the development of insulin resistance in peripheral organs, partially via activation of TLR-4 signaling by fatty acids. Here we demonstrate that palmitate acting in the central nervous system (CNS) inhibits leptin-induced anorexia and Stat-3 activation. To determine the functional significance of TLR signaling in the CNS in the development of leptin resistance and diet-induced obesity in vivo, we have characterized mice deficient for the TLR adaptor molecule MyD88 in the CNS (MyD88ΔCNS). Compared to control mice, MyD88ΔCNS mice are protected from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced weight gain, from the development of HFD-induced leptin resistance and from the induction of leptin resistance by acute central application of palmitate. Moreover, CNS-restricted MyD88 deletion protects from HFD- and icv palmitate-induced impairment of peripheral glucose metabolism. Thus, we define neuronal MyD88-dependent signaling as a key regulator of diet-induced leptin and insulin resistance in vivo.

Background: Perilipin family proteins are important in determining the properties of lipid droplets (LDs). Results: Perilipin 5-deficient mice lack detectable LDs, exhibit enhanced fatty acid oxidation, and suffer increased ROS production in the heart. Conclusion: Perilipin 5 protects the heart from oxidative burden by sequestering fatty acid from excessive oxidation. Significance: These findings may help to increase understanding of the functions of non-adipose LDs.