Gliomas, the most prevalent cancer in the central nervous system, are characterized by high morbidity and mortality, emphasizing the need to understand their etiology. Here, we report that cyclin‐dependent kinase‐like 5 (CDKL5) is highly expressed in gliomas, and CDKL5 overexpression promotes invasion, proliferation, migration and drug (β‐lapachone) resistance of glioma cells. In vitro, CDKL5 overexpression enhanced invasion, growth and migration of glioma cells, and stimulated the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT axis. Furthermore, CDKL5 overexpression in vivo promoted glioma proliferation, whereas CDKL5 knockdown had opposing effects. The effect of CDKL5 on drug resistance was eliminated if the PI3K/AKT axis was suppressed, and cisplatin combined with the PI3K/AKT suppressor XL147 remarkably prohibited proliferation in xenografts overexpressing CDKL5. Collectively, our findings suggest that CDKL5 acts through the PI3K/AKT axis in glioma cells, and indicate a possible role for CDKL5 in glioma therapy.

In this paper, mixed-surface-type optical system is defined as the optical system comprised of various types of surfaces, including spherical, aspheric, and freeform surfaces. A general point-by-point design method for mixed-surface-type systems is proposed. In detail, methods for spherical system design and optical power assignment are proposed during the point-by-point design process. Additionally, three surface evolutions are proposed: from spherical to aspheric surfaces and freeform surfaces, and from aspheric surfaces to freeform surfaces. A mixed-surface-type off-axis three-mirror system is designed as an example and as a starting point for further optimization. The sphere receives most of the system optical power while the freeform surface has little power, which can reduce system fabrication difficulty.

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It is of urgent need to develop a point-by-point design method for off-axis aspheric systems in full field and full aperture. So a general full-field point-by-point method for off-axis aspheric systems is presented in this paper, in which light rays from different field angles and aperture coordinates are considered. Surface fitting is included during the point calculations, rather than after all the points are calculated. Data point calculations and aspheric surface fitting are repeated continuously to calculate an unknown aspheric surface. Both coordinate and surface normal deviations are considered. As an example, an aspheric off-axis three-mirror reflective system is designed to operate at F/2.4 with a 100-mm entrance pupil diameter and a 3° × 6° off-axis field of view. This method can also be used to design co-axial aspheric systems and novel systems with new structures.