The results support use of the DAR-5 for screening for anger when a short scale is required.

Research has identified anger as prominent in, and an influence on, treatment outcome for military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined factors influencing the relationship between anger and outcome to improve treatment effectiveness. Participants comprised 103 veterans attending PTSD treatment. Measures of PTSD and comorbidity were obtained at intake and 9-month follow-up. Measures also included potential mediators of therapeutic alliance, social support, problematic/undermining relationships and fear of emotion. Path analyses supported anger as a predictor of treatment outcome, with only fear of anger and alcohol comorbidity accounting for the variance between anger and outcome. To improve treatment effectiveness, clinicians need to assess veterans' anger, aggression, and alcohol use, as well as their current fear of anger and elucidate the relationship between these factors.

There is a need for a brief specific measure of anger for use in assessment of posttraumatic mental health problems. One unpublished short scale is the Dimensions of Anger Reactions (DAR; R. Novaco, 1975). This study examined the psychometric properties of the DAR using intake and 12-month data for 192 Australian Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD. Results showed the DAR to be unidimensional, reliable, and sensitive to change over time, and removal of two items improved the scale's properties. The DAR measures anger disposition directed towards others. Assessment of convergent validity indicated that the DAR primarily measures Trait Anger. Results suggest that the DAR is a psychometrically strong measure, potentially useful for the evaluation of anger in PTSD.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a difficult condition to treat, and existing studies show considerable variability in outcome. Investigations of factors that influence outcome have the potential to inform alternate treatment approaches to maximize benefits gained from interventions for the disorder. Because PTSD is commonly associated with comorbidity, it is important to investigate the influence of comorbidity on symptom change after treatment. This article examines pretreatment and 9-month follow-up data for 134 Australian Vietnam veterans who attended a treatment program for combat-related PTSD. A series of analyses were conducted to investigate the influence of the comorbid factors of anxiety, depression, anger, and alcohol use on PTSD symptom change after treatment. Analyses identified anger, alcohol, and depression as significant predictors of symptom change over time, independent of the effect of initial PTSD severity. Further analyses indicated that anger at intake was the most potent predictor of symptom change. Further investigations of anger as an influence on symptom change after treatment of combat-related PTSD is recommended.

Posttraumatic nightmares are a hallmark of PTSD and distinct from general nightmares as they are often repetitive and faithful representations of the traumatic event. This paper presents data from a pilot study that examined the use of Imagery Rehearsal in treating combat-related nightmares of 12 Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Three treatment groups, comprising 4 veterans in each, completed standardised treatment across 6 sessions. Treatment effects were investigated using nightmare diaries and established instruments, including the IES-R, BDI, BAI, and SCL-90-R. The data demonstrate significant reductions in nightmares targeted, and improvements in PTSD and comorbid symptomatology. The paper recommends that, on the basis of the promising preliminary data, a randomised control trial be established to assess imagery ability and attitude toward nightmares.