Tobacco kills their half of the consumers still, grown as the most lucrative crop worldwide for different uses like chewing, smoking, and snuffing. On the other side, it was known as a chief medicinal plant by Native Americans, ancient European, Amazonian and Indian. In the middle 20th century tobacco was declared a negative and hazardous plant because of its nicotine component. Nicotiana tabacum (N. tabacum) is well studied in plant biotechnology and studied as a model plant. Likewise. N. tabacum miRNAs were also identified a decade ago however a genome-wide computational approach to identify miRNAs remained to be explored. These XenomiRs and their cross-species talk were also revealed for the first time in the current study. The top ten hub nodes (CCNE1, DDX5, NEUROD1, SOS1, CUL2, OPHN1, SOX9, KCNA1, FBXW2, and NOC3L) were retrieved from the experiment which gives evidence of tobacco miRNAs and their involvement in diseases like carcinoma and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Even after having social, cultural and medicinal importance, Piper betle is considered the neglected green gold of India. One of the main reasons for that is, though its cultivation is responsible for providing livelihood to about 20 million people, enough attention is not given to the improvement of end-to-end process of cultivation, starting from variety identification, transportation, waste management, and foreign export policies. In the last 50 years, there have been several studies carried out to find out the phytochemicals present in betel extract, its essential oil and its associated uses. However, there has been little effort in the direction of understanding the mechanism behind its many benefits, including its medicinal properties. To utilise the full potential of betel leaves, a special translational research centre should be established. Studies using Omics approaches like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics should be done. This will allow us to study pathways related to phytochemical production, identification of molecular markers for improved breeding, manipulation of gene expression related to important bioactive compounds having medicinal properties, perfumes, food and the impact of betel in the human body. In this study, we tried to comprehend the uses and overall work done till date on betel and how there is a future need to improve on many fronts to make its benefits reach common people.

Background: Since ancient times, "betel leaf" (Piper betle) has been revered for its religious, cultural, and medicinal properties. Phytochemicals from the Piper betle are effective in a variety of conditions, including cancer. To date, however, no genomic study or evidence has been found to elucidate the regulatory mechanism that underpins its therapeutic properties. This is the first study of its kind to predict Piper betle miRNAs and also the first genomics source representation of Piper betle. According to previous research, miRNAs from the plants we eat can regulate gene expression. In line with this, our in-silico study revealed that Piper betle and human cross-kingdom control occurs. Method: This study demonstrates the prediction and in-silico validation of Piper betle miRNAs from NGS-derived transcript sequences. The cross-kingdom regulation which can also be understood as inter-species RNA regulation was studied to identify human mRNA targets being controlled by Piper betle miRNAs. Functional annotation and gene-disease association of human targets were performed to understand the role of Piper betle miRNAs in human health and disease. The protein-protein interaction and expression study of targets was further carried out to decipher their role in cancer development. Results: Identified six Piper betle miRNAs belonging to miR156, miR164, miR172, and miR535 families were discovered to target 198 human mRNAs involved in various metabolic and disease processes. Angiogenesis and the cell surface signaling pathway were the most enriched gene ontology correlated with targets, both of which play a critical role in disease mechanisms, especially in the case of carcinoma. In an analysis of gene-disease interactions, 40 genes were found to be related to cancer. According to a protein-protein interaction, the CDK6 gene, which is thought to be a central regulator of cell cycle progression, was found as a hub protein, affecting the roles of CBFB, SAMD9, MDM4, AXIN2, and NOTCH2 onco genes. Further investigation revealed that pbe-miRNA164a can be used as a regulator to minimise disease severity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia, where CDK6 expression is highest compared to normal cells. Conclusion: The predicted pbe-miRNA164a in this study can be a promising suppressor of CDK6 gene involved in tumour angiogenesis. In vivo validation of the pbe-miRNA164a mimic could pave the way for new opportunities to fight cancer and leverage the potential of Piper betle in the healthcare sector.