Solaris is a new disease tolerant cultivar increasingly cultivated in cool climate regions. In order to explore the winemaking processes' potential to make different styles of Solaris wines, the effects of different pre-fermentation treatments (direct press after crushing, whole cluster press, cold maceration, and skin fermentation) on the volatile profile, chemical, and sensory properties of Solaris wines were investigated. Cold maceration treatment for 24 h and fermentation on skin led to wines with lower acidity and higher glycerol and total polyphenol indexes. Sensory analysis showed that cold maceration enhanced "apricot" and "apple" flavor while skin fermentation gave rise to increased "rose" and "elderflower" flavor. The PLS regression model revealed that fruity flavor of cold macerated wines was related to a combination of esters while β-damascenone and linalool were correlated to the "rose" and "elderflower" flavor. This study provides information about pre-fermentation techniques that allowed the possibility of obtaining wines with different styles.

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The genotyping of European fruit tree collections has helped to identify synonyms, determine parentage, reveal key specimens in the collections and provide information on the development of modern cultivars from one or several progenitors. However, studies on European plum Prunus domestica have been lagging behind, mainly because of the hexaploid chromosome number. In this co-operative study, 104 accessions conserved by 14 partners across Europe were phenotyped for 20 descriptors, and genotyped for 8 SSR loci together with 8 reference cultivars. Based on the descriptors as well as additional information supplied by the partners, as well as the scientific and horticultural literature, each accession was assigned to one of six pomological groups; (1) egg plums sensu lato (E), (2) prunes of the French d'Agen type (P/A), (3) prunes of the Central-Southeast European Zwetschen type (P/Z), ( 4) greengages (G), ( 5) mirabelles (M) and ( 6) bullaces, damsons and var. pomariorum (D/B). A MANOVA conducted on descriptor data revealed significant differentiation among the pomological groups as well as a ManuscriptClick here to access/download;Manuscript;Revised Manuscript 2020.docx Click here to view linked References 2 geographic impact on the differentiation of local plum accessions in Europe. SSR data showed that two trios and seven pairs of genotypes had very similar allele profiles and possibly are genetically identical in spite of different accession names. An AMOVA indicated sparse genetic differentiation when accessions were grouped according to geographic origin whereas significant differences were obtained among pomological groups. A Bayesian analysis of genetic structure, as well as a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), further revealed levels of similarity among and within the different pomological groups, suggesting that egg plums sensu lato (E) and greengages (G) can be referred to subsp. domestica while damsons and bullaces (D/B) but also Central-Southeast European prunes (P/Z) show more affinity to subsp. insititia. The small and possibly heterogeneous groups with mirabelles (M) and prunes of the d'Agen type (P/A) take an intermediate position suggesting a hybridogenic origin.

The site effect of five locations from north (Stjørdal, Norway, 63 • 36 N) to south (Ancona, Italy, 43 • 31 N) was evaluated in strawberry regarding yield performance, fruit quality, length of fruit developing time from anthesis to harvest start and length of the harvest season. Cv. Elsanta was grown at all sites while cv. Korona was cultivated in north and central Europe and cv. Clery in central and south Europe. Yield was more affected by seasonal and growing conditions than by latitude. Anthesis was delayed as influenced by cultivar up to 58 days from south to north and was nearly maintained until harvest start. Duration of fruit development was negatively related to daily mean temperature and increased with higher latitude. 29-34 days were required from anthesis to harvest start for cv. Elsanta, 29-36 for cv. Korona and 27-38 for cv. Clery. Corresponding GDD values (growing degree days; 3 • C base temperature) were independent from latitude and accounted to 334-355 for cv. Elsanta, 301-385 for cv. Korona and 320-434 for cv. Clery. Daily mean temperature decreased about 2 • C from south to north during anthesis to harvest start which induced a calculated 5.2 days longer fruit development period in the north. From harvest start to harvest end, GDD values varied for all cultivars between 297-402 GDD showing no influence of the latitude. However, simple summing of GDD values do not correctly describe the time of fruit development (from anthesis to the ripe fruit) for the whole fruiting period of a plant. GDDs for individually tagged flowers increased notably from the first third to the last third of the developing period due to increasing temperature as the season proceeded. The fruit quality standards dry matter, soluble solids and titratable acidity were influenced by latitude giving northern sites in general the highest values. Fruits grown at the southern sites were redder compared to those of the north.

The effect of four different growing locations from Stjørdal, Norway (63 • 36 N) to Conthey, Switzerland (46 • 12 N) on the composition of bioactives in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) of three genotypes (cvs Clery, Elsanta and Korona) was evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to characterize differences in bioactives between genotypes within a location. Despite harvest period and year-to-year effects, a clear clustering related to the effects of the cultivars was shown. Furthermore, PCA was able to separate locations within a cultivar due to differences in bioactive compounds and this effect was stronger than local variations by temporary weather changes or even year-to-year effects. As a result, the northern samples had principally lower anthocyanin amounts than the southern ones and, moreover, distribution of individual anthocyanins was different. In contrast, the content of vitamin C and the antioxidant capacity (TEAC, ORAC, total phenols) was generally increased with higher latitudes calculated on a fresh weight basis. Results of proanthocyanidins and individual polyphenols detected by high performance liquid chromatography indicated that the higher contents were mainly due to tannin-related components. For all these observations, cultivars responded in general similarly. A North-South division was identified but no clear trend towards latitude could be recorded, mainly since one major impact factor for the biosynthesis of phenolics and ascorbic acid is temperature, which is altering not only by latitude, but also by the shift of the harvest period and the current weather conditions prior to harvest. In conclusion, genetic effects were generally stronger than environmental effects.