Objective: to present the aspects involved in iron deficiency anemia in children and several measures for its control. Method: the authors performed an extensive review of national and international literature and associated findings to their own personal experience in this area. The study included general aspects of iron metabolism, iron deficiency, and the mechanisms that trigger iron deficiency anemia (IDA). In addition, the authors focused on the current situation of IDA in Brazil, its prevention and treatment. Results: iron deficiency is still one of the most serious public health issues in Brazil despite all the available knowledge about intervention measures. The studies found in the literature show excellent results through the fortification of foods and/or iron supplementation, in association with nutritional education. Conclusion: the authors concluded that Brazil detains sufficient knowledge regarding IDA, and that the proposed intervention measures have proved to be efficient. There is, however, a lack of political will and focus at all governmental levels (Federal, State and Municipal), and a greater commitment on the part of health professionals that allow the alarming prevalence rates of iron deficiency anemia in our population at higher risk (i.e. children) to be reversed.
Basal cell carcinomas (BCC) on the genital area account for less than 1% of all BCCs. Surgical management is indicated. Recurrence rate of vulvar BCC has been reported to be 10-20%. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a superior surgical option. Other treatments include radiation and topical immuntherapy. Cryosurgery for vulvar BCC has not been reported. We present the case of a 88-year-old Hispanic woman with a vulvar ulcer that was confirmed as BCC by histopathology and treated with liquid nitrogen cryosurgery. Control biopsy was performed on day 90 was negative for BCC. No clinical evidence of recurrence was detected after one year. Although, the vulva is considered to be a high-risk site with respect to BCC and MMS is the gold standard for treatment, the delicate nature of the area may preclude complete removal by a surgical technique without compromising vital anatomical function. Liquid nitrogen cryosurgery uses the effects of extreme cold to effect deep destruction of the tumor and surrounding tissues. This is the first report of a vulvar BCC successfully treated with liquid nitrogen cryosurgery. We suggest this technique could be of benefit as an alternative treatment in cases where excisional procedures cannot be performed.
A flow injection hydride atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HAAS) method was developed for determining selenium in human milk and whole blood after microwave digestion of the sample. The sample (2 mL human milk or 0.25 mL blood) was introduced into the microwave vessel with 1.5 mL HN03 and 0.25 mL H202 and 300 W (4 min) and 600 W (4 min) were applied. The digestion was completed by heating to 140 C (2-3 h). Se (VI) was reduced to Se (IV) with hydrochloric acid. The instrumental conditions for FI-HAAS (concentrations of reducing agent and carrier acid, flow rate of argon carrier gas, and sample volume injected) were optimized. The detection limit of the proposed method was 0.23 ng/mL (assay) or 115 pg Se (absolute) in biological samples (1.15 ng/mL milk, 10.4 ng/mL blood). The precision values were 5.0% for milk and 4.0% for blood. The accuracy was evaluated with 2 reference materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology Non-Fat Milk Powder (found: 104.3 ± 7.2 ng/g, certified: 110 ± 10 ng/g) and Whole Blood Seronorm (found: 81 ± 7.3 ng/mL, reference: 83 ± 4 ng/mL). The results show the suitability of the method for selenium determination in human milk and whole blood. The method was applied to whole blood samples obtained from pregnant women and to human milk.
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