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Three billion people use biomass and other harmful cooking fuels (e.g., charcoal) worldwide. This poses a significant risk to health and deters human development. Policies have been implemented to promote the use of modern cooking fuels, but the outcomes have been uneven. The problem continues to affect the poor, especially in rural and remote areas, in disproportionate ways. While technological solutions exist, widespread adoption has been slow due to various barriers to transition at the household level. In this paper, we provide a review of the findings from studies on household cooking fuel transition to show the various factors that affect the process. We not only acknowledge the role of policy but also emphasize the need for understanding the mismatch between broader policy and local household response to policy surrounding cooking fuel use. K E Y W O R D Sclean cooking fuel and technologies, cooking fuel, energy access, energy policy, households

This study evaluates employment patterns of domestic migrants and immigrants and also explores the role of ethnic niching for Asian and African American recent arrivals in the context of local structural transformation (e.g., the shift from manufacturing to services). Employment patterns are examined for industry‐occupation groups using the 5% Public Use Micro Sample of the 2000 U.S. Decennial Census and the 2006–2010 of the American Community Survey. The study area is a Rustbelt city that has suffered from population loss: the Buffalo‐Niagara Falls MSA. Location quotients and shift‐share analysis are used to classify employment shifts into four industry‐occupation groups: growing, transforming, declining, and emerging. Logistic regressions are estimated to identify the role of various demographic factors and ethnic niches on the employment of recent arrivals in the above four industry‐occupation groups. The results show that the employment of recent arrivals vary by migration status and ethnicity. The role of ethnic niches is especially important in declining industry‐occupation groups. The analytical framework can be used to understand where and how migrants, both domestic and immigrants, find work. Future studies can focus on the pros and cons of ethnic niching (e.g., barriers to suitable jobs, ethnic entrepreneurship through niche experience) as structural transformation continues across U.S. regions, especially with new technologies.

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