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V 60 F i g . 1 E n d o s c o p i c e x a mi n a t i o n s h o we d t h e r e c t a l t u mo r (a ) . R e s e c t e d s p e c i me n o f t h e r e c t u m s h o we d a c i r c u l a r t y p e 2 t u mo r (b ) .F i g . 2 Hi s t o l o g i c a l e x a mi n a t i o n s h o we d t h a t t h e t u mo r wa s c o mp o s e d o f s ma l l o r c u b o i d a l c e l l s a r r a n g e d i n t r a b ec u l a r , r i b b o n , a c i n a r a n d r o s e t t e p a t t e r n s (H. E . s t a i n , a ×4 0 , b ×4 0 0 ) . I mmu n o h i s t o c h e mi c a l e x a mi n a t i o n d e mo ns t r a t e d t h a t t h e t u mo r c e l l wa s p o s i t i v e f o r c h r o mo g r a n i n A(c )a n d Ki -6 7 (d ) .! ! F i g . 3 Ab d o mi n a l C T s h o we d a r e c u r r e n t t u mo r i n t h e r i g h t p e l v i s . F i g . 4 Hi s t o l o g i c a l e x a mi n a t i o n s h o we d t h a t t h e t u mo r wa s c o mp o s e d o f mi t o t i c c e l l s t h a t we r e g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d (H. E . s t a i n . a ×4 0 0 ) . I mmu n o h i s t o c h e mi c a l e x a mi n a t i o n d e mo n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e t u mo

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Bayesian inference has been used for genetic risk calculation. In this traditional method, inheritance events are divided into a number of cases under the inheritance model, and some elements of the inheritance model are usually disregarded. We developed a genetic risk calculation program, GRISK, which contains an improved Bayesian risk calculation algorithm to express the outcome of inheritance events with inheritance vectors, a set of ordered genotypes of founders, and mutation vectors, which represent a new idea for description of mutations in a pedigree. GRISK can calculate genetic risk in a common format that allows users to execute the same operation in every case, whereas the traditional risk calculation method requires construction of a calculation table in which the inheritance events are variously divided in each respective case. In addition, GRISK does not disregard any possible events in inheritance. This program was developed as a Japanese macro for Excel to run on Windows.

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