Changes in body temperature and cell infiltration, mediated by cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), occur during inflammation, but a role of body temperature on inflammatory responses remains obscure. Intraperitoneal injection of 10% casein to mice resulted in transient hypothermia followed by neutrophil accumulation in peritoneal cavities. Peritoneal TNF-alpha was rapidly raised, and pretreatment of mice with an anti-TNF-alpha antibody promoted temperature restoration and partially inhibited neutrophil accumulation. To investigate direct effects of body temperature on neutrophils, peritoneal or peripheral blood neutrophils were cultured at 35 degrees C or 37 degrees C with or without recombinant murine TNF-alpha (100 ng/ml) or a protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (1 microg/ml). Significant inhibition of spontaneous and TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis was obtained at 35 degrees C compared with 37 degrees C, an effect that was not altered by the addition of cycloheximide. Moreover, phagocytic ability of peritoneal neutrophils was significantly enhanced by incubating them at the lower temperature. These results indicate that mild hypothermia induced by endogenous TNF-alpha has enhancing roles on neutrophil survival and function during peritoneal inflammation.

The issue of "Yobiyose-rojin," elderly parents relocated to the home of one of their children because of the care required by their physical and mental conditions, has been the subject of recent attention in Japan. To determine the effective assistance that caregivers require, the authors compared daughters with daughters-in-law who care for an elderly parent in terms of characteristics and factors that might contribute to the caregiver's burden. Daughters-in-law perceived a much stronger burden although they took care of a less-impaired parent for fewer hours a day than daughters. The results indicated that an appropriate form of support must be carefully chosen based on the identity of the primary caregiver.

ObjectivesThe influential factors for anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein antibody (S-ab) levels were assessed after the administration of BNT162b2 mRNA coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine at short and medium terms. Methods A total of 470 healthcare workers (118 males, mean age 41.0±11.9 years) underwent serum S-ab level measurement at 3 and 8 months after two inoculations of BNT162b2 vaccine given 3 weeks apart, who had no history of COVID-19 were enrolled in this study. The changes and differences after vaccination due to gender and adverse reactions of S-ab were analyzed. Results Systemic adverse reactions incidence (48%) was significantly higher after the second dose than after the first dose (8%). S-ab levels decreased as the age increased (from the 20s to 60s) in both measurements. S-ab level 8 months after the second inoculation ] U/mL) was significantly lower than that after 3 months (977.5 [637.2-1409.0] U/mL; P <0.001). The median decrease rate of S-ab levels in 5 months was ) % and those differences were not observed among all generations. Gender-associated differences in S-ab levels were not observed; however, a significant relationship between higher S-ab levels and the systemic adverse reactions was observed at both measurements. Conclusions The systemic adverse reaction is an independent factor for higher S-ab levels at short and medium terms after BNT162b2 vaccination as demonstrated in our data.

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