No abstract

It is well‐known that laundry waste water contributes to water pollution, and the need to reduce the amount of detergent used is widely recognized. Predominantly, research has focused on the washing effects of microbubbles and nanobubbles, and mechanical work was found to account for about 50 % of the washing effect on the cloth. In the present research, mixed nanobubble and microbubble water and four types of surfactants (including a commercial cleaning liquid) were investigated in an alternating flow system. The nanobubble water achieved a washing rate greater than that of ion‐exchanged water. However, the microbubble water had the same washing rate as ion‐exchanged water. Moreover, nanobubbles mixed with an aqueous solution of surfactant exhibited a washing rate that depended on the ionization of the surfactant: the mixture with nanobubbles and anionic surfactant exhibited a washing rate that was higher than that of aqueous anionic surfactant solution without nanobubbles. The surface tensions of nanobubble water and mixed nanobubble anionic surfactant were lower than those without nanobubble, respectively. Also, there was no advantage in mixed microbubble liquids. These results provide evidence of an enhanced washing effect by nanobubble mixtures in liquids.

No abstract

Reduced-intensity (RI) conditioning followed by cord blood transplantation (CBT) is a new treatment modality, but failure to engraft is a major concern. We describe 12 patients with advanced hematologic malignancies who underwent RI conditioning and CBT with a conditioning regimen consisting of 200 mg/m(2) fludarabine (Flu), 50 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CY), and 3 Gy total body irradiation (TBI). Cyclosporin A and/or methotrexate were used for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Cord blood grafts were not mismatched for more than 2 serologically defined HLA alleles but were later found by high-resolution DNA typing to be mismatched for 2 to 4 alleles in most cases. Short tandem repeat analysis of bone marrow cells at day 14 showed complete donor chimerism in 6 of the patients and mixed chimerism in 5, indicating rapid engraftment in the bone marrow, whereas the remaining patient experienced graft rejection. Neutrophil recovery was achieved at a median of day 17 (range, days 11-24) in 10 of the 11 patients with marrow chimerism at day 14. Of these 10 patients, however, transplantation-related mortality within 100 days occurred in 4 patients who showed failed platelet recovery and a lack of durable engraftment. Overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 41.7% and 33.3%, respectively. These results show that CB mismatched at 2 to 4 HLA alleles and transplanted with the Flu/CY/3 Gy TBI regimen is able to engraft in the bone marrow as early as day 14.

No abstract