Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the local-level initiatives through coastal afforestation, the natural and socio-economic context of the study area (Hatiya Upazila of Noakhali District, Bangladesh) and the adaptation and DRR strategies generated through coastal afforestation in coastal Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach Field observations, focus group discussions (FGDs), semi-structured interviews, and transects were accomplished in both the dry and wet season. Spatial database generated and land use mapping integrated social and technical investigation. Five FDG sessions with participants from different livelihood options (fishermen, farmers and social representatives) were organised and, on average, 15~18 participants participated in each participatory session. Findings Mangrove plantation can be used to access new land and create alternative livelihoods, which are important for local community adaptation and to reduce disaster risks. Mangrove plantations provide chances for new land management options to be developed for use in Bangladesh. Research limitations/implications This study was conducted only at the south-central coastal district of Bangladesh. Data collection to summarise all the socio-economic issues is limited. Practical implications This paper can be used for the integration of geospatial and social research techniques to understand the community approach to fight against climate change-induced impacts. Originality/value The research is solely conducted by the authors. The conducted approach is a blend of social and technical knowledge and techniques in generating community resilience at the south-central coast of Bangladesh.

Growing cybersecurity risks in the power grid require that utilities implement a variety of security mechanism (SM ) composed mostly of VPNs, firewalls, or other custom security components. While they provide some protection, they might contain software vulnerabilities which can lead to a cyber-attack. In this paper, the severity of a cyber-attack has been decreased by employing a diverse set of SM that reduce repetition of a single vulnerability. This paper focuses on the allocation of diverse SM and tries to increase the security of the cyber assets located within the electronic security perimeter(ESP) of a substation. We have used a graph-based coloring game in a distributed manner to allocate diverse SM for protecting the cyber assets. The vulnerability assessment for power grid network is also analyzed using this game theoretic method. An improved, diversified SMs for worst-case scenario has been demonstrated by reaching the Nash equilibrium of graph coloring game. As a case study, we analyze the IEEE-14 and IEEE-118 bus system, observe the different distributed coloring algorithm for allocating diverse SM and calculating the overall network criticality.proposed in [12]. However, none of those metrics considered the diversity of SM on the power grid by considering the defensive strategies.The use of diversity on SM has gained much attention as an important security property [13]. Diversity on SM deployment strategies for resilience has been evaluated [7] and has been found to improve the robustness [6] of the network against zero-day attack by introducing a network security metric. Previously, multiple studies have been performed that study survivability through heterogeneity. Source code modification [14] [15] had been proposed to diversify the software packages on computer systems. Keromytis and Prevelakis [16] modified the environment and structure of the network to achieved the diversity against system monocultures.In [17], the authors proposed a distributed graph coloring algorithm which leverages a malicious node to attack the same software packages, this resulted in software diversity. This work focuses on topological properties of the computer network which is similar to the concepts [5] of preventing human behavior epidemics on social relations.Recently, game theory has been applied to the distributed algorithm to achieve the proper allocation of resources in cloud computing [18], peer-to-peer system [19] and web cache [20]. Papagopoulou and Spirakas [21] proposed theoretical background of efficient graph coloring game which was based on local search. In [22], the authors proposed a gametheoretic approach of vertex coloring in a distributed manner for evaluating the performance of the wireless network in a simulated environment.In this paper, Our work emphasizes on interdependency, the complex network where a system-wide study of diversity has not yet performed. We focused on the heterogeneity of SM in the substation to reduce the propagation of computer malware.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract