Oral administration of insulin is one of the most challenging topics within this area, because insulin is degraded in stomach before it enters the bloodstream. In this study, for the first time, a nano‐carrier for controlled and targeted oral delivery of insulin was developed using de‐esterified Tragacanth and chitosan. The fabricated nanoparticles were synthesized using coacervation technique and their properties were optimized using response surface methodology. The effect of experimental variables on the particle size and loading efficiency was examined. In addition, the interactions between components were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared. The thermal stability of nanoparticles was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis. The insulin loading efficiency was measured and in vitro release profile and ex vivo insulin permeability was determined. Optimized nanoparticles showed spherical shape with a size less than 200 nm and zeta potential of +17 mV. Owing to their nanoscale dimensions and mucoadhesiveness, nanoparticles were synthesized using medium molecular weight of Chitosan. The insulin loading efficacy for the system was 6.4%, released under simulated gastrointestinal conditions in a pH‐dependent manner. Based on all of the obtained results, it can be concluded that these nanoparticles can potentially be utilized as a carrier for the oral insulin delivery.

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Analysis of the influence of external stimuli on human eye movements is an important challenge in vision research. In this paper, we investigate the influence of applied visual stimuli on variations of eye movements. For this purpose, we employ information theory, which provides us with tools such as Shannon entropy as the indicator of information content of process. This study for the first time reveals the relation between the information content of eye movements and the information content of visual stimuli. Based on the performed analysis, the information content of eye movements time series shifts toward the information content of applied visual stimuli, where the greater variation in Shannon entropy of visual stimuli causes the greater variation in the Shannon entropy of eye movements time series. The observed behavior is explained through nervous system. As a rehabilitation purpose, the employed methodology in this research can be investigated in case of patients with vision problems, with the aim of improving patients’ vision.