Background:Prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide. Recent data is reprehensive of increasing diabetes prevalence from 285 millions in 2010 (6.4%) to 439 millions in 2030 in adults aged 20 to 79 in different countries. Lifestyle and particularly dietary habits play an important role in the development of diabetes. Additionally, specific individual food groups and diet components such as monounsaturated fatty acids, fruits, vegetables, whole grain cereals, dietary fiber, fish, magnesium and nuts may protect against the development of diabetes, possibly through the amelioration of insulin sensitivity and its anti-inflammatory actions, while consumption of red and processed meats and saturated fat may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.Objectives:In this section, we studied dietary and other factors related to the effect of lifestyle in type 2 diabetes. These factors may affect the incidence of type 2 diabetes which could be corrected by lifestyle modifications.Results:Unfortunately, dietary habits in the developed and developing countries are changing towards an unhealthier direction. Consequently, emphasis should be given on encouraging at population and individual levels for adopting a healthier lifestyle, including dietary habits, to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. Here we reviewed epidemiologic and clinical trial evidence regarding nutrients, foods and dietary patterns to diabetes risk and involved possible mechanisms.Conclusions:Type 2 diabetes is increasingly growing in young population of developing countries, which causes a large burden on individuals and the society.

BackgroundGastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is suggested to be associated with some socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. Although the roles of some factors such as obesity are well documented, evidence on the impact of other factors such as dietary habits are still inconclusive. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors with GERD in participants referred to a teaching hospital in Zahedan, South-East of Iran.MethodsThis comparative cross-sectional study was conducted during 2014–2015. All patients completed a structured questionnaire regarding information on socio-demographic status, lifestyle factors and dietary habits. Anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were used to determine general and central obesity, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Value of p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsFive hundred and five participants, including 285 GERD and 220 Non-GERD participants participated in the study. In univariate analysis, being married (OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.04, 2.36), general obesity (OR = 1.77, 95%CI = 1.11, 2.81), central obesity (OR = 2.09, 95%CI = 1.46,3.01) and consumption of citrus fruits between meals (OR = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.04, 2.73) were associated with higher odds of GERD, while higher educational level (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.36,0.77) and regular physical activity ≥2 h/week (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.30, 0.94) were associated with lower odds of GERD. In the adjusted model, central obesity (OR = 1.88, 95%CI = 1.18, 3.01) and consumption of citrus fruits between meals (OR = 2.22, 95%CI = 1.30, 3.81) were positively associated with odds of GERD, while higher educational level (OR = 0.55, 95%CI = 0.33, 0.91) was associated with decreased odds of GERD.ConclusionAccording to the results of the current study, central obesity as determined by WC and citrus fruit intake were independent factors associated with GERD. Therefore, lifestyle modification might have a positive effect in the treatment of GERD in an urban population of Iran.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-017-0699-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background:A balanced nutrition schedule provides the essential substances for proper oral health.Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dental caries and body mass index in 6-11 year-old children in Zahedan.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study 1213 children (670 girls, 543 boys) were included. Body mass index (BMI) and clinical examination for determination of DFT (decay filling teeth) index (based on WHO criteria) were taken. Collected data were analyzed using the t-test, chi-square and ANOVA.Results:Among children, 20.8% had low weight, 66.3% normal weight, 7.8% were overweight and 5.1% obese. In the low weight, normal weight, overweight, and obese groups, the mean ± SD values for DFT were: 0.63 ± 1.1, 0.88 ± 1.36, 1.16 ± 1.33, and 0.87 ± 1.31, respectively. There was a significant association between BMI and DFT (P = 0.005). The overweight group had higher DFT compared to the low and normal weight groups. 13.5% of low weight, 12.2% of normal weight, 14.7% of overweight and 22.6% of obese children had DFT = 0. There was no statistical association between BMI and being caries free (P = 0.4).Conclusions:The mean DFT in the overweight group was higher than low and normal weight groups. There was a statistically significant association between BMI and DFT.

Background: Dental enamel defects and other oral manifestations are reported to occur more commonly in children with celiac disease (CD). Our aim was to investigate the frequency and distribution of enamel defects and dental caries, and the presence of other oral findings in children with CD and to compare them to a group of children without CD. Methods: From 200 index cases with CD, 65 cases aged between three to 16 years accepted to participated in the study after an oral explanation for the parents. In addition, 60 healthy, age, and sex matched subjects without CD were chosen as control group. Enamel defects were classified according to the Aine criteria and dental caries was recorded by calculation of DMFT/dmft indices. The presence of other oral findings, such as aphthous ulcers and xerostomia, were recorded. Chi-Square test and Mann-Whitney test were used for comparison of data. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 65 children with CD and 60 non-CD subjects were studied. There were significantly more enamel defects in children with CD compared to the control group (P = 0.01). Grade I was the most common enamel defect in both groups. Symmetric and non-specific enamel defects were observed in 45% and 14% of CD subjects and in 12% and 12% of the control group (P = 0.001). The location of enamel defects in permanent and deciduous teeth was more prominent in anterior teeth with a coronal distribution involving the incisor and middle parts of the teeth. The dmft index was significantly higher in the control group compared to the CD group (P = 0.003). With the exception of xerostomia, there was no difference in other oral manifestations between groups. Conclusions: Enamel defects are more common in children with CD compared to those without this disease. This finding should alert health care providers to consider testing for CD.

Background: Childhood obesity is currently one of the major concerns in pediatric field. In recent literature, correlation of obesity with some behavioral factors such as physical activity (PA) received attention. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and PA. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2012 on 548 randomly selected 7-to 11-year schoolchildren from Zahedan, Iran. The underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity status were all based on BMI percentiles for age and sex. Moderate to vigorous PA during the previous 7 days was assessed by a modified version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children. Results: The prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity among the participants was 18.3%, 47.9%, 11.8%, and 22.1%, respectively. Overweight and obesity were significantly higher among girls than boys. Mean PA score in participants was 2.4 + 0.5. The results showed the PA score was significantly higher among boys than girls. The PA score had a significant association with BMI (P ¼ .018), and it was greater in normal participants than in obese participants. Conclusion: On the basis of observed data and due to the impact of PA on BMI as an indicator of nutritional status and health, teaching children to have better nutrition and lifestyle changes is very important. Therefore, more studies should focus on childhood obesity prevention programs to prevent nonoverweight children from becoming overweight or obese in the future.