Breast-milk contains significant numbers of bifidobacteria and the maternal allergic status further deranges the counts of bifidobacteria in breast-milk. Maternal fecal and breast-milk bifidobacterial counts impacted on the infants' fecal Bifidobacterium levels. Breast-milk bacteria should thus be considered an important source of bacteria in the establishment of infantile intestinal microbiota.

Purpose: A novel [68 Ga]-labeled DOTA-4-amino-1-carboxymethyl-piperidine-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-ValGly-His-Sta-Leu-NH 2 peptide (BAY86-7548) having high affinity to bombesin receptor subtype II to detect primary and metastatic prostate carcinoma using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) was synthesized and evaluated for prostate cancer. Experimental Design: In this first human study with BAY86-7548, 14 men scheduled for radical prostatectomy (n ¼ 11) or with biochemical recurrence after surgery or hormonal therapy (n ¼ 3) were enrolled. The patients received an intravenous injection of BAY86-7548 followed by over 60-minute dynamic imaging of prostate gland (n ¼ 10) and/or subsequent whole-body imaging (n ¼ 14). The visual assessment of PET/CT images included evaluation of intraprostatic (12 subsextants) and pelvic nodal uptake of BAY86-7548 in 11 surgical patients and detection of potential metastatic foci in all patients. In patients with biochemical recurrence, results were compared with those of eitherWe found a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 88%, 81% and 83%, respectively, for detection of primary PCa and sensitivity of 70% for metastatic lymph nodes using histology as gold standard. BAY86-7548 correctly detected local recurrence in prostate bed and showed nodal relapse in accordance with

Aims:  Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are part of the human normal intestinal microbiota and may possibly be transferred to the placenta. It was hypothesized that intestinal bacteria or their components are present in the placenta and that the foetus may be exposed to them. We investigated the presence of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and their DNA in the human placenta. Methods and Results:  We studied 34 human placentae (25 vaginal and nine caesarean deliveries) for the presence Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Cultivation was used for the detection of viable cells and genus and species‐specific PCR for the detection of DNA. No bifidobacteria or lactobacilli were found by cultivation. Bifidobacterial DNA was detected in 33 and L. rhamnosus DNA in 31 placenta samples. Conclusions:  DNA from intestinal bacteria was found in most placenta samples. The results suggest that horizontal transfer of bacterial DNA from mother to foetus may occur via placenta. Significance and Impact of the Study:  Bacterial DNA contains unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide motifs which induce immune effects. Specific CpG motifs activate Toll‐like receptor 9 and subsequently trigger Th‐1‐type immune responses. Although the newborn infant is considered immunologically immature, exposure by bacterial DNA may programme the infant’s immune development during foetal life earlier than previously considered.