This paper explores the phenomenon of non-priestly purity within the ancient Jewish purity system and examines passages in Tannaitic literature that refer to p'rushim (Pharisees), haverim and ne'emanim, all of whom have been associated with practising non-priestly purity laws during the Second Temple period. The 'am ha-aretz, people accused of non-compliance with ritual purity, are also a focus of the paper. An analysis of the terms p'rushim, haverim, ne'emanim and 'am haaretz reveals that variant meanings have been attached to these categories in different passages of rabbinic literature and that the terms are fluid and resist classification. The findings of this paper challenge some of the prevailing theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of non-priestly purity in ancient Israel. Résumé: Cet article explore le phénomène de pureté non sacerdotale dans l'ancien système de pureté juif. Il examine des extraits de la littérature tannaitique relatifs aux p'rushim (Pharisiens), aux haverim et aux ne'emanim qui, tous, ont & e a c u t e ; t & e a c u t e ; associés aux pratiques des lois de pureté non sacerdotale durant la période du Second Temple. Les 'am ha-aretz, individus accusés de ne pas suivre la pureté rituelle, formeront aussi l'un des points d'étude ici. Une analyse des termes p'rushim, haverim, ne'emanim et 'am ha-aretz révèle qu'on a attribué des significations variées & a g r a v e ; ces catégories dans différents passages de la littérature rabbinique et que ces mots sont polysémiques et résistent & a g r a v e ; toute classification. Cet article remet en question certaines théories dominantes qui rendent compte du phénomène de pureté non sacerdotale. This article offers a fresh examination of the evidence in rabbinic literature for the existence of p'rushim (Pharisees), haverim and ne'emanim as social categories in relation to the practice of non-priestly purity during the Second Temple period. I critique a reductive line of historical analysis that has been

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