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Soliton propagation and some related parameter in a photorefractive crystal are considered. This study analyzes the soliton propagation on a photorefractive crystal having both linear and quadratic electro-optical effects through a time-dependent model of nonlinear dynamics equation using the numerical split-step Fourier method. In conducting analysis, we apply various models of ansatz as initial conditions of the optical beam envelope. Based on the studies conducted, ansatz influences the soliton propagation pattern in the photorefractive crystals. Besides, we found ansatz in secant-hyperbolic and Gaussian functions as the most appropriate model for realizing solitons in crystals. Finally, the photorefractive effect supports the evolution of soliton before it achieved a level of stability.

DNA research has involved a variety of disciplines across fields, which work complementary and supportive by using the theory, model, and experiment. Physics provides a theoretical basis that can be used for experimentation, as well as developing new physical models. This physical model can explain the nonlinear dynamics of DNA. In this study, we modified Hamiltonian Peyrard-Bishop-Dauxois (PBD) model by adding the influence of the surrounding environment namely thermal bath, in the form of time-dependent thermal friction and stochastic white noise. Both are represented through the Nosé-Hoover-Langevin (NHL) thermostat. Formulations of equation motion are obtained using analytical methods, to be solved using numerical methods. We present the numerical calculations results in phase space images to show chaotic behaviour. Furthermore, we gain an increase in chaotic patterns along with the increase in temperature. In addition, we also obtain the relationship between the distance of the base pair with temperature, especially in the denaturation process.

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