completed a comprehensive qualitative case study of four state VR agencies (Maryland, Mississippi, Texas, and Utah) to identify promising or evidence-based practices that can be used to improve management and clinical rehabilitation counseling practices. Fourteen promising or evidence-based VR practices were reported by administrators, supervisors, and counselors in those four VR agencies as useful for improving psychosocial and employment outcomes of persons with disabilities receiving services from state rehabilitation agencies. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to describe the outcomes of a Delphi study of experts on evidence-based VR practices. METHODS: A Delphi study was conducted to obtain the consensus of 35 national experts in vocational rehabilitation (VR) on the relevance and levels of scientific evidence of 26 promising or evidence-based VR practices in state agency settings. RESULTS: Consensus was achieved through three rounds of the Delphi process. National experts rated the employmentbased interventions as highly relevant to state VR service delivery practices, but rated their scientific evidence in the lower end of the hierarchy of evidence. Experts rated psychosocial and counseling interventions, except for motivational interviewing and working alliance, as less relevant to state VR, but as having high levels of scientific evidence. CONCLUSION: This study represents an important step towards identifying specific promising or evidence-based VR practices in state agency settings that could be used to improve psychosocial and employment outcomes for people with disabilities. The results can also be used to plan the in-service training agenda for state VR agencies in terms of professional development and in pre-service academic programs to ensure that rehabilitation counseling students are adequately trained in relation to these promising or evidence-based VR practices.

The field of behavior analysis relies on supervised fieldwork to shape the repertoires of individuals aspiring to sit for the Behavior Analyst Certification Board® (BACB®) exam. Board Certified Behavior Analysts® (BCBAs®) who are providing supervision to those seeking certification must follow the supervision and ethics requirements as directed by the BACB. We conducted a survey of BCBAs currently providing supervision to gather information about current practices and barriers. The top areas of success and need are presented based on the responses of 284 participants who completed the entire survey, along with recommendations.

Research has demonstrated that ethical decision making is a fundamental competency of both rehabilitation counselors (Leahy, Muenzen, Saunders, & Strauser, 2009) and rehabilitation counseling supervisors (Thielsen & Leahy, 2001). As such, it is a required preservice training component of programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs (CACREP; 2016). In addition, credentialing organizations (e.g., licensure boards, certification organizations) require ongoing continuing education specific to ethics (American Counseling Association, 2014; Association for Counselor Education and Supervision [ACES], 2011; Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification [CRCC], 2017; National Board for Certified Counselors, 2012). Even with multiple levels of formal instruction, the supervisor has the most significant role in the development of ethical awareness and reasoning in the counselor (Kerkhoff, Hanson, Guenther, & Ashkanazi, 1997). As ethical decision making is complex and challenging, the rehabilitation counseling supervisor plays an essential role in the counselor's development in this slow developing area of competence (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2007; Kocet, 2006; Lambie & Sias, 2009). Ethics represents a knowledge area that can be taught and clinical supervision is a medium for instruction (Tarvydas, 2012). This is evident as multiple ethical decision-making models in counseling commonly include supervision or consultation as an essential part of the process (Cottone & Claus, 2000). It is important that counselors and supervisors conceptualize ethical decision making as a dynamic interpersonal process of consultation, negotiation, and arbitration between the counselor and client, facilitated by the supervisor (Lehr & Sumarah, 2004), rather than a counselor-centric process (Cottone, 2001; Passmore, 2009). Supervisors help to shape ethical awareness and practice in a multitude of ways. The CRCC Code of Professional ethics advises rehabilitation counseling supervisors to make supervisees aware of ethical and legal standards and to adhere to these professional standards of practice (Section H.4.a; CRCC, 2017). Counselor perceptions of their supervisor's ethics can influence the supervisory working alliance (SWA) and the realization of goals and tasks within the supervisory setting (

The Supervisory Working Alliance Inventory–Trainee Form (SWAI-T) is among the most frequently used instruments for measuring the quality of supervisor–supervisee relationships within counselor supervision. Although the full-scale SWAI-T instrument has proven utility, there are instances when a shorter form may be useful for research and field applications. The current study used secondary data from a pair of cross-sectional studies to test the utility of a brief form of the SWAI-T in a two-step process: (a) reduction of the SWAI-T based on item analyses from an electronic survey of 87 rehabilitation counselors working in a Western state vocational rehabilitation agency and (b) an initial validation study of the instrument using electronic survey responses from a national sample of 228 rehabilitation counselors working in private rehabilitation. The resultant 5-item scale showed evidence of high internal consistency, convergent validity, and minimal differences in psychometric properties relative to the full-scale instrument. An abbreviated supervisory working alliance scale offers practical advantages for select research purposes and for continuous evaluation of supervisory relationships in field environments.

The purpose of this study was to investigate ethical dilemmas faced by certified rehabilitation counselors. Using a mixed-method survey approach, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Thematic analysis was used to identify common themes among responses including the ethically challenging incident, additional resources to clarify the situation or reach resolution, projecting future ethical issues, approach to resolution for current ethical issues, and additional issues to address or consider in the code of ethics. Results indicated that participants most frequently encountered ethical dilemmas related to Section B. Confidentiality, Privileged Communication and Privacy of the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) Certification Code of Professional Ethics, followed by Section A. The Counseling Relationship. When addressing recognized ethical dilemmas, participants also identified consideration of the counseling relationship and maintaining confidentiality, privileged communication and privacy as the most important sections of the code to consider. Implications include topics identifying current and projected ethical dilemmas faced by CRCs, as well as the need for a variety of topics to be addressed or considered in the new revisions of the CRC Code of Ethics.