Recycling concrete is a significant step towards eco-friendly construction practices.

Abstract:In the period 1990-2012, the percentage for open defecation has dropped by 11% in sub-Saharan Africa which has resulted to substantial progress in access to improved sanitation facilities i.e. pit latrines, VIPs, septages and centralized sewage facilities since 1990 [ figure 1]. This therefore put at ease the operations of many municipal's water resource and waste management agencies. Recent investigation confirms that the number of people defecating in the open is currently increasing in 26 of 44 countries of sub-Saharan Africa and this unsustainable practice is predicted to persist as long as there are toilets that are dysfunctional or unhygienic (WRC, 2015) in Africa. Per review conducted, the unhygienic and dysfunctional conditions of public toilets facilities are results of poor sludge management operations of which inconsistent collection of faecal sludge from toilet sites is a major part. Reported cause of inconsistent emptying of faecal sludge at sanitation sites is due to higher cost of faecal sludge management(FSM) services within urban and peri-urban settlements. FSM services comprise of three stages i.e. collection, treatment & re-use, and disposal of which the treatment stage accrue the most cost of the services. Treatment cost depends on treatment techniques applied by sanitation inspectors/operators but there is currently no definite treatment method which is the most suitable as the physico-chemical properties and environmental compliance requirements for disposal of faecal sludge is highly variable and most solutions have not been demonstrated at scale. To be precise on the key scope of study, on-site sanitation & centralized facility faecal sludge treatment techniques and management practices are deemed the core basis of study hereafter. In this paper, anaerobic-aerobic phosphorous removal process (A/O) is selected as an efficient and cost-effective centralized facility sludge treatment technique and its applied to a case study in Bujumbura municipal of Burundi. Also a simple but effective on-site sanitation management plan which is feasible in Africa communities is discussed.

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In this paper, effects of a critical structural parameter, beam-to-column stiffness ratio (on seismic lateral force distribution and its corresponding displacement (s) on frame members were observed. For this purpose, analysis of 12 samples of a 10-storey frame structure having varying beam/ column stiffness was carried out with the help of software facilities. To save time in the modelling and parameterization of the frame structure, a programming tool has been developed combining the functionality of VBA based excel software, Matlab and SAP2000 OAPI. With the help of this tool, parametric analysis of a significant number of frame models can automatically be generated and executed in SAP2000 in a lesser time of 139.0secs and at a less expense of user input. The core interest in performing the analysis is to estimate the responses of varieties of weakcolumn/strong-beam and strong-column/weak-beam multi-story frame subjected to seismic lateral forces by modelling the frame in its actual form[SAP2000] and idealized stick model [hand computation]. From the analysis of the various models, comparison of SAP2000 lateral force distribution and displacement of frame models is made with that of hand calculation.