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We used longitudinal data from Washington State to investigate the relationships among career and technical education (CTE) enrollment, inclusion in general education, and high school and postsecondary outcomes for students with learning disabilities. We replicated earlier findings that students with learning disabilities who were enrolled in a "concentration" of CTE courses had higher rates of employment after graduation than observably similar students with learning disabilities who were enrolled in fewer CTE courses. We also found that students with learning disabilities who spent more time in general education classrooms in high school had higher rates of on-time graduation, college attendance, and employment than observably similar students with learning disabilities who spent less time in general education classrooms in these grades.

Commercial fishing is a dangerous occupation despite decades of regulatory initiatives aimed at making it safer. We posit that rights-based fisheries management (the individual allocation of fishing quota to vessels or fishing entities, also called catch shares) can improve safety by solving many of the problems associated with the competitive race to fish experienced in fisheries around the world. The competitive nature of such fisheries results in risky behavior such as fishing in poor weather, overloading vessels with fishing gear, and neglecting maintenance. Although not necessarily intended to address safety issues, catch shares eliminate many of the economic incentives to fish as rapidly as possible. We develop a dataset and methods to empirically evaluate the effects of the adoption of catch shares management on a particularly risky type of behavior: the propensity to fish in stormy weather. After catch shares was implemented in an economically important US West Coast fishery, a fisherman's probability of taking a fishing trip in high wind conditions decreased by 82% compared with only 31% in the former race to fish fishery. Overall, catch shares caused the average annual rate of fishing on high wind days to decrease by 79%. These results are evidence that institutional changes can significantly reduce individual, voluntary risk exposure and result in safer fisheries.catch shares | occupational safety | rights-based fisheries management | risk | sustainable fisheries O ccupational health and safety regulations are often instituted in response to market failures that result in a misalignment of workers' risk exposure with their individual preferences (1). The principal justifications for regulatory intervention include excessive risk taking by workers who may not fully understand or recognize the risks they face (imperfect information) or do not bear the full cost of adverse safety outcomes (moral hazard) (2, 3). Labor market frictions and societal concern about the health and safety of those in high-risk occupations provide further motivation for worker protections (3, 4).The commercial fishing industry is affected by these types of market imperfections and is also characterized by potentially high pecuniary rewards for the physical risks involved in fishing. Safety regulations were developed in response to this recognition, as well as the observance of high fatality rates among fishermen (5). In the commercial fishing industry, workplace safety regulation and research has focused on technical solutions such as requirements to carry emergency equipment, participate in safety trainings, and obtain vessel safety examinations (5-9). However, commercial fishing is still one of the most dangerous professions, with an annual average fatality rate of more than 30 times the US average. Despite decades of voluntary and regulatory fishing safety initiatives, the fatality rate has decreased only marginally and has not decreased compared with the average rate for all US workers ( Fig. 1) (10, 11).Fishermen are often ...

The extent to which observed disparities in access to primary pediatric care are mirrored in student access to school nursing services is unknown. Using school employment records, we linked 1,346 nurses to school districts serving 1,141,495 students in Washington state. The percentage of students who are Black is negatively associated with the student-to-nurse ratio, while the percentage of students eligible for free-or-reduced-price lunch is positively associated, and relative to urban districts, rural districts have higher student-to-nurse ratios. Disparities in access to school nursing services mirror access gaps for pediatric care along socioeconomic status and geography. The increased number of nurses working in districts with more racial/ethnic minority students may play a protective role and ameliorate access gaps observed in pediatric primary care. States can likely use existing employment and licensing data to understand where school nurses work and therefore guide resource allocation decisions.

The clinical teaching experience is one of the most important components of teacher preparation. Prior observational research has found that more effective mentors and schools with better professional climates are associated with better preparation for teacher candidates. We test these findings using an experimental assignment of teacher candidates to placement sites in two states. Candidates who were randomly assigned to higher quality placement sites experienced larger improvements in performance over the course of the clinical experience, as evaluated by field instructors (a.k.a university instructors). The findings suggest that improving clinical placement procedures can improve the teaching quality of candidates.