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The aim of the study was to obtain calibration curves for a pair of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) columns operating with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) as eluent. The dependence of the calibrations on sample chemical structures has been examined. The calibrations have been compared with elution times of several sets of standards. The level of agreement between SEC and MALDI-mass spectrometry has been evaluated. Molecular mass distributions of several complex samples have been examined in terms of these calibrations. The polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) calibration curves were close, while a set of polysaccharides (PSAC) and other oxygenates eluted much earlier. However, numerous other samples eluted closer to the PS-PMMA line. To a first approximation, deviations between the PSAC and PS-PMMA lines may be treated as an upper limit to errors arising from structure-dependent variations in this SEC system. Below 15 000 u, MMs of oxygenated samples could be estimated to within a factor of ∼2-2.5. Other structural features gave rise to smaller deviations. Good agreement was observed up to about m/z 3000, between SEC and MALDI and LD-MS. The techniques are independent, suggesting that up to this limit, SEC may be considered as a quantitative tool. The accuracy of the measurement is subject to greater uncertainty with increasing molecular mass. The often-made assumption that high-mass materials are composed of aggregates has been examined. Furthermore, evidence from several analytical techniques provides indications of entirely different structural makeup (e.g., nature of fragments in mass spectrometry; trace element concentration) between fractions with different apparent molecular massessas determined by SEC. It is possible that some molecules adopt 3-dimensional conformations and show up as larger than they really are. While the "aggregates" assumption did not explain our experimental observations, structures of material appearing under the excluded peak in SEC require further careful study.

Laser-desorption mass spectrometry (LD-MS) method development was undertaken to improve estimates of mass ranges for complex hydrocarbon mixtures. A creosote oil, an anthracene oil, and a mixture of known polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were examined. The data on the mixture of the four PAHs made it possible to define LD-MS conditions necessary to generate artifacts such as cluster ions by the combination of high laser power and high-mass accelerator voltage. The formation of cluster ions was possible without overloading the detector system. These multimer ions overlapped with higher-mass ion signals from the sample. However, careful balancing of sample concentration, laser power, total ion current, and delayed ion extraction appears to show high-mass materials without generating high-mass multimer (artifact) ions. It is possible to suppress the formation of cluster ions by keeping low target concentrations and, consequently, low gas phase concentrations formed by the laser pulse. The principal method used in this work was the fractionation of samples by planar chromatography followed by successive LD-MS analysis of the separated fractions directly from the chromatographic plates. This method separated the more abundant small molecules from the less abundant large molecules to permit the generation of their mass spectra independently, as well as reducing the concentration of sample by spreading over the PC-plate. The technique demonstrably suppressed multimer formation and greatly improved the reproducibility of the spectra. Results showed the presence of molecule ions in the ranges m/z 1000−2000 for the anthracene oil sample and m/z 600−1500 for the creosote oil sample, tailing off to m/z ∼5,000. The creosote oil contained significantly less of this high-mass material than the anthracene oil sample, and in both cases, high-mass material was only present in low quantities. Ion mass range estimates were in close agreement with molecular mass ranges from size exclusion chromatography, and findings were consistent with changes observed in the UV-fluorescence spectra. The method outlined in the paper appears directly applicable to the characterization of heavier coal and petroleum derived fractions.

3897 3.4. High Mass Limits to UV-Fluorescence 3899 4. Examining High Mass Fractions by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) 3900 4.1. Limitations of Using Tetrahydrofuran As Eluent in SEC 3901 4.2. Limitations of Using NMP as Eluent in SEC 3902 4.3. How To Explain the "Excluded Peak"? 3902 4.4. The Use of NMP−Chloroform Mixtures As Eluent 3903 5. Examining High Mass Fractions by Mass Spectrometry 3904 5.1. Gas-Chromatography − Mass Spectrometry 3904 5.2. Pyrolysis-GC-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) 3904 5.3. Heated Probe-Mass Spectrometry 3906 5.4. Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry 3906 5.5. Laser Induced Acoustic Desorption (LIAD) 3907 5.6. Complex, Polydisperse Samples by FT-ICR-MS and Different Ionization Methods 3907 5.6.1. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESIMS) 3907 5.6.2. Field Desorption and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Methods 3908 5.7. Analysis of Complex, Polydisperse Samples by Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LDTOFMS) 3908 5.8. Upper Mass Detection Limits of LD-MS Systems 3909 6. Examining Higher Mass Fractions by Solution State 13 C NMR 3910 7. Comparing Calculated Parameters from Three Distinct Samples 3912 7.1. Coal Tar Pitch Fractions 3912 7.2. Fractions of Maya (Mexican) Heavy Crude 3913 7.3. Examining Fractions of Synthetic Crude Prepared from the Athabasca Tar Sands 3914 7.4. Common Features of Results from the Three Sets of Samples 3917 8. Summary and Conclusions 3918 8.1. Aims of the Review 3918 8.2. The Need for Fractionation 3919 8.3. Limitations of Individual Analytical Techniques 3919 8.4. Several Novel Approaches of the Work 3919 8.5. Closing Emphatic Remarks 3919 Author Information 3920 Corresponding Author 3920 Present Address 3920 Notes 3920 Biographies 3920 Acronyms 3921 References 3921

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