An experiment was conducted to increase the quality of rice bran by fermentation using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and humic substances and its utilization as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens. The experiment was carried out in two steps. First, the fermentation process was done using a completely randomized design in factorial with 16 treatments: i) Dosage of B. amyloliquefaciens (2.108 cfu/g), 10 and 20 g/kg; ii) Graded levels of humic substances, 0, 100, 200, and 400 ppm; iii) Length of fermentation, three and five days. The results showed that the fermentation significantly (p<0.05) reduced crude fiber content. The recommended conditions for fermentation of rice bran: 20 g/kg dosage of inoculums B. amyloliquefaciens, 100 ppm level of humic substances and three days fermentation period. The second step was a feeding trial to evaluate the fermented rice bran (FRB) as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens. Three hundred and seventy-five one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into five treatment diets. Arrangement of the diets as follows: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% level of FRB and the diets formulation based on equal amounts of energy and protein. The results showed that 15% inclusion of FRB in the diet provided the best bodyweight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) values. In conclusion, the nutrient content of rice bran improved after fermentation and the utilization of FRB as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens could be included up to 15% of the broiler diet.

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui mekanisme rontok bulu dan hubungan kadar hormon prolaktin dengan produksi telur. Materinya adalah itik hasil persilangan Alabio dengan Peking yaitu AP (Alabio ♂ x Peking ♀) dan PA (Peking ♂ x Alabio ♀) sebanyak 180 ekor. Peubah yang diamati adalah lama berhenti bertelur sebelum dan setelah rontok, kadar hormon prolaktin periode rontok bulu, periode produksi sebelum dan setelah rontok. Data dianalisis dengan ANOVA, regresi dan korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa itik AP (23.33%) mengalami rontok bulu lebih sedikit dibandingkan itik PA (50.00%). Mekanisme rontok bulu diawali dengan berhenti bertelur, rontok bulu dan bertelur kembali. Lamanya berhenti bertelur sebelum dan setelah rontok pada itik AP tidak berbeda dengan itik PA. Konsentrasi hormon prolaktin itik AP dan PA sebelum dan setelah rontok sangat nyata lebih tinggi dibandingkan periode rontok bulu. Pada periode bertelur sebelum rontok, konsentrasi hormon prolaktin itik AP sangat nyata lebih tinggi daripada itik PA. Sehingga produksi telur itik AP sebelum rontok bulu (0-16 minggu) sangat nyata lebih tinggi daripada itik PA. Produksi telur itik AP lebih tinggi daripada itik PA yaitu 256.66±6.00 vs 232.22±6.64 butir selama 48 minggu. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa hormon prolaktin berpengaruh dalam kejadian rontok bulu dan produksi telur. Kata kunci : rontok bulu, itik, hormon prolaktin, produksi telur ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were to obtain information on the mechanism of molting and the prolactin hormone levels affecting egg production. The study utilized AP (crossbred of Alabio ♂ with Peking ♀) and PA (crossbred of Peking ♂ and Alabio ♀ ducks) with a total of 180 birds. The observed variables were the duration of cessation of egg production before and after molting, the prolactin hormone level in the period of molting, the egg production period before and after molting. The data was analyzed using ANOVA, regression and correlation. The results showed that AP crossbred had fewer molting (23.33%) compared to PA (50.00%). The mechanism of molting is always preceded by cessation of egg production, molting and relaying. The prolactin hormone concentrations of AP and PA in the period before and after molting were significantly higher than in the period of molting. At the egg production period before molting, the prolactin hormone concentration of AP ducks was higher than the PA ducks. So that the egg production of AP before molting (0-16 weeks) was higher than the PA. The egg production of AP was higher than PA, 256.66±6.00 vs 232.22±6.64 eggs for 48 weeks. So it can be concluded that the prolactin hormone affects the molting and egg production.

A c c e p t e d A r t i c l e 2 ABSTRACT 52Objectives: Estimating the genetic diversity and structures, both within and among chicken 53 breeds, is critical for the identification and conservation of valuable genetic resources. In 54 chickens, microsatellite (MS) marker polymorphisms have previously been widely used to 55 evaluate these distinctions. Our objective was to analyze the genetic diversity and 56 relationships among 22 chicken breeds in Asia based on allelic frequencies. 57 Methods: We used 469 genomic DNA samples from 22 chicken breeds from eight Asian 58 countries (South Korea: KNG, KNB, KNR, KNW, KNY, KNO, Laos: LYO, LCH, LBB, 59 LOU, Indonesia: INK, INS, ING, Vietnam: VTN, VNH, Mongolia: MGN, Kyrgyzstan: 60 KGPS, Nepal: NPS, Sri Lanka: SBC) and three imported breeds (RIR: Rhode Island Red, 61 WLG: White Leghorn, CON: Cornish). Their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships 62 were analyzed using 20 MS markers. 63Results: In total, 193 alleles were observed across all 20 MS markers, and the number of 64 alleles ranged from 3 (MCW0103) to 20 (LEI0192) with a mean of 9.7 overall. The NPS 65 breed had the highest expected heterozygosity (H exp , 0.718 ± 0.027) and polymorphism 66 information content (PIC, 0.663 ± 0.030). Additionally, the observed heterozygosity (H obs ) 67 was highest in LCH (0.690 ± 0.039), whereas WLG showed the lowest H exp (0.372 ± 0.055), 68 H obs (0.384 ± 0.019), and PIC (0.325 ± 0.049). Nei's D A genetic distance was the closest 69 between VTN and VNH (0.086), and farthest between KNG and MGN (0.503). Principal 70 coordinate analysis showed similar results to the phylogenetic analysis, and three axes 71 explained 56.2 % of the variance (axis 1: 19.17 %; 2: 18.92 %; 3: 18.11 %). STRUCTURE 72 analysis revealed that the 22 chicken breeds should be divided into 20 clusters, based on the 73 highest △K value (46.92). 74 Conclusion: This study provides a basis for future genetic variation studies and the 75 development of conservation strategies for 22 chicken breeds in Asia. 76 77

<p>Livestock animals with relatively fast growth and great body weight are potential as a producer of meat. In Indonesia, the local muscovy, especially the feathered white is one of the meat-producing livestock. However, an analysis of the growth on local white muscovy is still rarely done. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the point of inflection as growth variables, thus simplifying the preparation of development programs of local white muscovy. A total of 168 of the local unsex white muscovy were examined for their growth since the DOD until 112 days of age. The data of growth i.e. body weight individually examined in every two weeks. The data were analyzed using Gompertz model. The result obtained was the growth equation of local white Muscovy based on the model of Gompertz: Y=2591.3*exp (-3.8636*exp-0.0272*t). Based on these equations, the point of inflection of the local white muscovy occurred at the age of 50 days with a weight of 953.29 g. The maximum body weight gain achieved was 2591.30 g. It is conclude that the growth of local white muscovy was relatively slow, but the body weight was very heavy.</p>

In rural areas, male muscovy was commonly crossed with layer ducks for the production of mule ducks to be sold as broiler ducks. However, their population was very few with various plumage colors, and with very low egg production. Muscovy can be used as the male parent stock in a commercial production of mule ducks, but it was preferable if they have white plumage for better carcass performance and with higher egg production. The aim of the study was to evaluate the characteristics of a muscovy population whether they were suitable as the foundation stock for a selection program to improve egg production. Groups of 125 female and 51 male of local white muscovy were used in this study. They were kept under close confinements and fed according their nutrition requirements. Measurements were taken on body weight at first laying, weight of first egg, 6 month egg production, and morphological characteristics. Results showed that the average body weight at first laying was 1805.41±89.31 grams with a variation of 4.95%. The average first egg weight was 58.23±2.33 grams with a variation of 4%, and the average 6 month production was 22.52±6.38% with a variation of 28.31%. With such large variations, the population was appropriate to be used as the foundation stock for a selection to improve egg production.