The nutrient artery is the principal source of blood supply to a long bone and is particularly important during its active growth period in the embryo and foetus as well as during the early phase of ossification. The aim of the present study was to study the topographic anatomy and morphology of the nutrient foramina in human adult upper limb long bones. The study was performed on 40 upper limb long bones which include 40 humerii, 40 radii, 40 ulnae. The bones were obtained from department of anatomy Punjab institute of medical sciences, Jalandhar. The variations were found in number and location of nutrient foramen in different upper limb bones. In humerus double and triple foramina were found. In radius and ulna double foramina were observed at the maximum. Absence of nutrient foramen was observed in radius. The knowledge about these foramina is useful in surgical procedures.

Langer'arch is one of the rare muscular variation in the axillary region. In the present article, a case of 50 year old male cadaver with axillary arch in the right axillary region is being reported. It originated from anterior border of latissimus dorsi and merged with short head of biceps brachii. The embryological derivation, genetic basis and clinical implication of this muscular variant are also discussed.

During routine dissection of a 60 years male cadaver, it was observed that the two divisions of sciatic nerve were separate in the gluteal region on both the sides with the tibial nerve passing below the piriformis and the common peroneal nerve piercing the piriformis muscle. The abnormal passage of the sciatic nerve (SN), the common peroneal nerve (CPN), and the tibial nerve (TN), either through the piriformis or below the superior gemellus may facilitate compression of these nerves. Knowledge of such patterns is also important for surgeons dealing with piriformis syndrome which affects 5-6% of patients referred for the treatment of back and leg pain. A high division may also account for frequent failures reported with the popliteal block. Keywords: eventration, piriformis muscle, piriformis syndrome, sciatic nerve

Obturator artery is usually a branch of anterior trunk of internal iliac artery. High frequency of variations in its origin and course has drawn attention of pelvic surgeons, anatomists and radiologists. The present study was conducted on thirty adult cadavers in the department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. The pelvis was divided into right and left halves, labelled and carefully dissected to study the origin, relations and length of Obturator artery within the pelvis. The findings were observed and recorded. Origin of obturator artery was from the anterior trunk of internal iliac in forty two sides (70%) and was variable in eighteen sides (30%). Obturator nerve was found lying below the artery in four sides (6.34%). The length of the artery varied between 4 and 10 cm. The variations in obturator artery may lead to surgical complications during pelvic surgeries requiring suturing along the pelvic brim. The anomalies affecting the arterial patterns of the limbs are based on unusual selection of channels from primary capillaries. The most appropriate channel enlarges, whilst the others retract and disappear, thereby establishing the final arterial pattern and resulting in variations in the origin.

Background: Our aim was to compare caudal epidural versus general anaesthesia in paediatric patients for safety, efficacy, post-operative analgesia, cost effectiveness and surgeon's comfort. Material and Methods: 60 paediatric patients 2 -6 years of ASA grade I and II posted for infra-umbilical surgery were randomly divided in to two groups. Group C (n=30) received caudal block anaesthesia using 0.25% Ropivacaine 1ml kg -1 . Group G (n=30) received general anesthesia with Thiopentone sodium, Succinylscoline as induction agent and O 2 , N 2 O, Isoflurane and incremental doses of Atracurium as maintenance. They were extubated in a usual manner after surgery. In both groups pain was assessed by observer pain score. Observation and Results: Cost was less in group C. There was no significant change in hemodynamics in both groups. Duration of rescue analgesia was significant less in group G. Rate of post-operative complication was higher in group G. caudal anaesthesia was much accepted by surgeon. Conclusion: Caudal epidural is quite inexpensive with excellent anaesthesia and satisfactory post-operative analgesia with lesser complication rate.