Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD), distinct from apoptosis, that was identified in 2012. The process is driven by the iron-dependent oxidative degeneration of lipids. Ferroptosis causes cell death through the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid reactive oxygen species. Free radicals cause degradation of lipid molecules by the removal of electrons through oxidation. The process is dependent on intracellular iron as the accumulation of iron acts as a catalyst for converting peroxides into free radicals. The oxidative degradation of lipids occurs when there is depletion of the antioxidant glutathione and a loss of activity of the lipid repair enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4. The lipid peroxidation then leads to cell membrane denaturation. The biochemical mechanism behind the unique iron-dependent programmed cell death with reference to the triple negative breast cancer have been reviewed in this article.

Background: Assessment of the male sexual and reproductive health status with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2infected COVID19 disease could create awareness about the lateral impact of those patients recovered from COVID19 infection. Aim and Objectives: Therefore, the main focus of the current study was to determine the postCOVID19 infection on male sexual and reproductive functions. Materials and Methods: A crosssectional study by involving two groups of the study individuals namely: Group 1: age and sexmatched normal healthy control human individuals. Group 2: postCOVIDtreated patients, at least 912 months after treatment success. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), a questionnaire developed by Rosen et al. to question on sexual functions has been used in the present study. Results: Based on analysis of the 15point International Index of Erectile Function analysis, it was found that overall there was a statistically significant difference in (P < 0.05) in sexual behaviors in both the groups. It was also found that marital status, place of living, and vaccination status are statistically significant associated with sexual behaviors, whereas occupation, religion, and education are statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The current study showed significant differences after the COVID19 infection and treatment in male fertility from a single tertiary care hospitalbased study in Western Uttar Pradesh. However, involving a large population from different parts of the country could pave the way to show what needs to be done by the scientific and clinical community to tackle our limited understanding of the disease. Keywords: Erectile dysfunction, International Index of Erectile Function, male sexual and reproductive functions, postCOVID19.

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The incidence of breast cancer has overtaken cervical cancer over the past decade and becoming the most common type of cancer among Indian women. Morbidity and mortality associated with the type of cancer are disproportionately higher in Indian women. Despite efforts being made to increase awareness about the causes, a large population of Indian women are already present with advanced stages of the disease. Reproductive factors are among the most well-established risk factors for breast cancer. However, their associations with different breast cancer subtypes defined by joint estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/human epidermal growth factor status remain unclear. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are known for early age at presentation, large tumor sizes, and overall poor prognosis. However, Indian studies are scarce with limited follow-up data. Hence, the present study is aimed at characterizing nonmetastatic TNBC patients in our population and comparing their outcomes with the non-TNBC subset. TNBCs are a subset of tumors with poorly understood tumor biology and behavior. Despite being labeled as having aggressive tumor biology and behavior, not many differences are seen in their clinical outcomes when they present as locally advanced cases.

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