Background Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade is a fundamental pathway in organisms for signal transduction. Though it is well characterized in various plants, there is no systematic study of this cascade in tea. Result In this study, 5 genes of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (MKK) and 16 genes of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MPK) in Camellia sinensis were found through a genome-wide search taking Arabidopsis thaliana as the reference genome. Also, phylogenetic relationships along with structural analysis which includes gene structure, location as well as protein conserved motifs and domains, were systematically examined and further, predictions were validated by the results. The plant species taken for comparative study clearly displayed segmental duplication, which was a significant candidate for MAPK cascade expansion. Also, functional interaction was carried out in C. sinensis based on the orthologous genes in Arabidopsis. The expression profiles linked to various stress treatments revealed wide involvement of MAPK and MAPKK genes from Tea in response to various abiotic factors. In addition, the expression of these genes was analysed in various tissues. Conclusion This study provides the targets for further comprehensive identification, functional study, and also contributed for a better understanding of the MAPK cascade regulatory network in C. sinensis.

Ad hoc wireless networks are characterized by frequent node mobility, limited power reserves and interfering transmissions. On-demand routing proves to be more successful in such networks, as it reduces the traffic overhead of sending periodic updates, but they may be susceptible to both random uncertainty in radio links, and malicious jamming. We consider a network of nodes addressed by their locations, and propose a novel routing technique that we call Petal Routing, which maximizes reliability by using pathsets, made of diverse multiple paths, in place of a single path. Petal Routing takes advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless networks to reduce the number of transmissions for multiple paths by overlapping the multiple diverse paths. Various tunable parameters built into the approach can be used to improve metrics such as delay, number of transmissions and packet delivery ratio. We evaluate the performance of our scheme using extensive simulations, and show that it is viable.

The present study assessed the nutritional quality of four major teleostean fishes (Catla catla; Labeo rohita; Notopterus notopterus and Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in the Samdihi, an opencast coalpit (OCP). The physicochemical parameters were within the pisciculture standard limits, and the heavy metal contents of the fish were within safe concentrations and below the target hazard quotient (THQ) level (<1). The zooplankton abundance and density were sufficient as food item for the fish faunas. Ash and moisture contents confirmed the good quality of the fish as food. The results of the other analysed nutritional parameters indicated the total protein content was highest in the herbivorous fish Labeo rohita (85.32 ± 0.61 mg/g), compared to Catla catla, Notopterus notopterus and Oreochromis niloticus (50.34 ± 0.43, 71.32 ± 0.49 and 75.14 ± 0.53 mg/g, respectively). The order of decreasing lipid content was Notopterus notopterus > Catla catla > Labeo rohita > Oreochromis niloticus (7.04 ± 1.02 > 6.01 ± 0.01 > 1.83 ± 0.03 > 1.46 ± 0.04%). The percentage of carbohydrates was highest in the omnivorous Oreochromis niloticus (18.2 ± 0.8), followed by Notopterus notopterus, Catla catla and Labeo rohita (15.1 ± 0.7, 13.9 ± 0.5 and 9.4 ± 0.4, respectively). The sodium content was higher in the column feeders Labeo rohita (82.06 ± 0.61 mg/g) and Notopterus notopterus (81.87 ± 0.61 mg/g) than in the surface feeders Catla catla (69.16 ± 0.55 mg/g) and Oreochromis niloticus (79.33 ± 0.60 mg/g). The potassium content exhibited similar trends, being higher in the column feeders Notopterus notopterus (204.8 ± 1.52 mg/g) and Labeo rohita (199.5 ± 1.81 mg/g) than in the surface feeders Oreochromis niloticus (190.8 ± 1.13 mg/g) and Catla catla (183.2 ± 1.3) mg/g). The trend in iron content was in the order of Oreochromis niloticus > Labeo rohita > Notopterus notopterus > Catla catla (5.60 ± 0.01 > 4.806 ± 0.01 > 4.25 ± 0.01 > 1.303 ± 0.01 mg/g, respectively). The results of the present study highlight the potential and feasibility of conducting pisciculture in the abandoned OCP as a means increasing the economic livelihoods of the core group of people in and around the mining areas of RCF regions. The estimated fish nutritional index (EFNI) analysis also revealed the fish cultured in this OCP exhibited a good nutritional quality standard.

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In this study, we present a control theoretic technique to model routing in wireless multihop networks. We model ad hoc wireless networks as stochastic dynamical systems where, as a base case, a centralized controller pre-computes optimal paths to the destination. The usefulness of this approach lies in the fact that it can help obtain bounds on reliability of end-to-end packet transmissions. We compare this approach with the reliability achieved by some of the widely used routing techniques in multihop networks.