The use of crop residues and agricultural wastes in animal feed is a very common practice to ensure a feed supply in livestock production. However, the agricultural wastes generally have high crude fiber content. The study aimed at establishing the effects of increasing cellulase levels on fermentation quality, chemical composition, and in vitro nutrient digestibility of complete feed silage containing oil palm frond and rice crop residue. The mixture of ingredients (king grass, rice crop residue, oil palm fronds, cassava waste, tofu waste, and lactic acid bacteria) were treated with (A) cellulase 0 mL/kg as control, (B) cellulase 1 mL/kg, (C) cellulase 2 mL/kg, (D) cellulase 3 mL/kg, and (E) cellulase 4 mL/kg. The initial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) concentration in inoculant was 6.6 × 10 5 cfu/g of fresh matter, and the cellulase enzyme used in the study was a commercial product (Novozymes ). Plastic silos containing approximately 500 g of silage material for each were stored at room temperature (28-30°C) for 30 days. The results of the study showed that adding cellulase increased crude protein content (L: P < 0.01), but decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (L, Q: P < 0.01), acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose (L: P < 0.01), and cellulose (L: P < 0.05) contents. The silages with cellulase treatment had high concentrations of lactic acid, but low pHs and total volatile fatty acid VFA contents, which indicated that they had been successfully preserved. Adding cellulase improved (L: P < 0.01) in vitro digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and NDF. The study showed that adding cellulase improved fermentation quality and in vitro nutrient digestibility of agricultural and food industry-wastes based complete feed silage.

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A n adequate supply of roughage to ruminants is essential for optimum rumen function and which is important to the animals health and production. However, the availability of roughage for ruminant nutrition may vary from day to day in Indonesia mainly because farmers usually own only a limited amount of land to grow forages. The use of crop residues and agricultural wastes in animal feeding is a very common practice to ensure the feed supply for livestock production. The rice crop residue (RCR) is lower part of fresh rice crop after being harvested and left at rice field. These residues are abundantly available, and most of them are not be used as livestock feeds and is burned after dried thus causing air pollution. Santoso et al. (2011) revealed that RCR is potential to be preserved as silage and used as ruminant feeds. The oil palm frond (OPF), a byproduct of the oil palm tree, is widely available in Manokwari regency throughout the year. Thus, the use of OPF may provide a continuous research Article Abstract | The objective of the current study was to evaluate the nutritive value and fermentation quality of agricultural waste based-complete feed silage with different composition of oil palm frond and rice crop residue. Total of 4 treatments were (A) king grass 70% + cassava waste 12% + tofu waste 15% + lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 3%; (B) king grass 50% + rice crop residue 20% + cassava waste 12% + tofu waste 15% + LAB 3% (C) king grass 50% + oil palm frond 20% + cassava waste 12% + tofu waste 15% + LAB 3%; (D) king grass 50% + rice crop residue 10% + oil palm frond 10% + cassava waste 12% + tofu waste 15% + LAB 3%. The liquid of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria was sprayed on the top of silage material with a concentration of 4.0 × 10 6 cfu/g and then mixed by the hand. About 500 g of silage materials were packed into plastic silos and stored in the room temperature for 30 days. The results of this study showed that dry matter and organic matter contents of silage was affected (P<0.05) by different composition of oil palm frond and rice residue. Silage C had the highest dry matter and organic matter contents than other silage. There were no significant differences in crude protein and NDF contents among silage treatments with crude protein and NDF values varied from 14.5 to 15.0% and 57.1 to 58.9%, respectively. The silage A produces the highest (P<0.01) lactic acid followed by the lowest (P<0.01) pH value compared to other silage. Silages AandC had lower (P<0.01) N-NH 3 concentration compared to silages B and D. Silage C had the lowest total VFA concentration compared to other silages. Silage A had the highest Fleigh Point followed by silages C, D and B. It was concluded that replacement of 20% of grass with oil palm frond in silage C produces a quality silage fermentation similar to silage A as a control.

L ivestock production in developing countries largely depends on fibrous feeds, mainly crop residues and low quality pasture that are deficient in nitrogen, minerals and vitamins.The utilization of agricultural byproducts for increasing ruminants production has been received greater research attention within the past few decade because of the higher quantities of those byproducts. Poor palatability and low bulk density apart from low nutritive value are restricting the utilization of the agricultural byproducts as animal feeds. During these scarcity periods, there is need for easily available feed that can meet nutritional requirements at low cost and is easy to transport. Nutritive value of poor quality and bulky roughages can be improved by densified complete feed block (Salem and Nefzaoui, 2003). Complete feed block is comprised of forage, concentrate and other supplementary nutrients in desired proportion capable to fulfill nutrient requirements of animals.The feeding of complete feed block stabilises rumen fermentation, minimises fermentation loss and ensures better ammonia utilisation (Prasad et al., 2001). Moreover, this technology offers a means to increase milk production, decrease in environmental pollutants, increase in income of farmers, decrease in labour requirement and

The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the readiness of the development of beef cattle using ranch system in Bintuni District, West Papua through the approach of four local foundations in terms of technical, social and economic. Research respondents were 62 families from four local foundations in Bintuni. Determination of technical feasibility of land used based on carrying capacity for each land. The technical feasibility of raising cattle was observed based on the knowledge of the community. Socio-economic feasibility was investigated based on food security and poverty level of society. Business feasibility was determined according to economic indicators namely B/C ratio, NPV, and IRR. The results showed that the aspect of land provided by the four foundations was feasible with the average carrying capacity based on fresh weight, dry matter and TDN basis were 1.8, 2.0 and 4.5 AU/Ha/year, respectively. About 70,91% of the farmers are free from poverty, and 46.54% are in food security status, which means that cattle raising will not be disturbed by the basic requirement of life but it needs an initial investment to support cattle raising. Based on the technical feasibility of cattle raising as much as 64,39% having no knowledge of breeding, therefore training and livestock education should be done. The business feasibility result shows that cattle raising on a breeding scale of 60 heads were feasible with positive NPV value of IDR 2.536.610,211, IRR of 23.09% and B/C of 1.22. Based on the overall indicators, it was concluded that the development of beef cattle in Bintuni regency was feasible to be done with requisite that improvement on land aspects and community knowledge about raising cattle.