This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.

No abstract

Limited Print and Electronic Distribution RightsThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.

Limited Print and Electronic Distribution RightsThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest.RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2256Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2017 RAND CorporationR® is a registered trademark.iii Preface This report presents and illustrates an approach for estimating economic benefit of research and services at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), using three case studies. Although no set of three case studies can be regarded as fully representative, we selected the cases to represent important variations in NIOSH activities and intended audiences. The report might be of interest to anyone seeking to understand the impacts of research, services, and practice related to worker safety and health. RAND Corporation researchers have published the following related reports:• Eric Landree, Hirokazu Miyake, and Victoria Greenfield, Nanomaterial Safety in RAND Infrastructure Resilience and Environmental PolicyThe research reported here was conducted in the RAND Infrastructure Resilience and Environmental Policy program, which performs analyses on urbanization and other stresses. This includes research on infrastructure development; infrastructure financing; energy policy; urban planning and the role of public-private partnerships; transportation policy; climate response, mitigation, and adaptation; environmental sustainability; and water resource management and coastal protection. Program research is supported by government agencies, foundations, and the private sector.RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment (JIE) conducts research and analysis in civil and criminal justice, infrastructure development and financing, environmental policy, transportation planning and technology, immigration and border protection, public and occupational safety, energy policy, science and innovation policy, space, telecommunications, and trends and implications of artificial intelligence and other computational technologies.Questions or comments about this r...

For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2200Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., and Cambridge, UK © Copyright 2017 RAND CorporationR® is a registered trademark.RAND Europe is a not-for-profit research organisation that helps to improve policy and decision making through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution RightsThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. Support RANDMake a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org www.randeurope.org i In a referendum on 23 June 2016, the British public voted to begin a process of withdrawing from the European Union. Since World War II, no developed country has decided to leave such a major international institution without a military defeat or political revolution. The Brexit negotiations are therefore likely to bring great uncertainty to both the UK and the EU.This study examines the processes and issues involved in the Brexit negotiations, and explores the implications of possible outcomes for the UK, the European Union and the United States. It draws upon formal negotiating positions and mandates adopted, but with the expectation that a wider array of concerns will come into play as the process develops. The study uses game theory insights to explore and create a better understanding of how a wide variety of factors might affect the outcome of the negotiations. The use of modelling and game theory modes of analysis illuminates the broader issues at play, at some remove from the day-to-day drama of the UK's negotiations with the European Union.We also model the potential economic implications of various options for a post-Brexit relationship between the UK and EU. Specifically, the study examines the economic effect of five 'hard Brexit' options: an arrangement in which UK trade is governed by WTO rules, including the application of most-favoured-nation tariffs; the successful negotiation of a UK-EU free trade agreement (FTA); the creation of a UK-EU-US FTA based on the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership; the creation of a US-UK FTA excluding the EU; and an extended transition period during which EU and UK tariffs do not change but other non-tariff barriers to trade come into effect. In addition, we examine three 'soft Brexit' scenarios: the Norwegian model (membership of the European Economic Area), the Swiss model (a series of bilateral agree...