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Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that represent the essential link between innate and acquired immunity. Otubain (OTUB) 1 is shown to deubiquitinate TRAFs to suppress virus‐induced inflammatory response. MAPK, a downstream molecule of TRAFs, is involved in regulating LPS‐induced immune reactions and its activation is sensitive to the presence of OTUB1. Little is known about contributions of OTUB1 to changes in biological properties of DCs. The present study, therefore, explored whether DC functions are influenced by OTUB1. To this end, DCs were isolated and cultured with GM‐CSF to attain bone marrow‐derived DCs (BMDCs) and followed by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of OTUB1 siRNA. Expression of markers of cellular maturation and proliferation were analyzed by flow cytometry, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and ability to stimulate CD4+ T‐cells in allogenic mixed leukocyte reaction (allo‐MLR) by ELISA, cell migration by a transwell migration assay and phagocytic capacity by FITC‐dextran uptake measurement. As a result, treatment of the cells with OTUB1 siRNA prolonged activation of p38MAPK, increased CD54 expression and IL‐6 release and reduced FITC‐dextran uptake. Moreover, cytokine release produced from CD4+ T‐cells in allo‐MLR was different. The enhanced level of IFN‐γ, but not other cytokine production was observed in the presence of siRNA OTUB1. All the effects were completely abolished when the cells were exposed with p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580. In conclusion, OTUB1 prevents the prolonged activation of p38MAPK, which in turn compromises DC functions.

The clinical outcome of dengue is due to a complex interplay between dengue virus (DENV) and host immune factors, including complement and cytokine systems. Proinflammatory cytokines are mainly produced by monocytes in response to infectious pathogens. This study investigated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), and IL-12 in Vietnamese patients with dengue, and their correlations with the clinical outcome of dengue infection in 156 patients clinically classified as dengue without warning signs (DWS-, n = 87), dengue with warning signs (DWS+, n = 62), and severe dengue (SD, n = 7) patients as well as in 60 healthy controls (HCs). Serum TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-12 levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-12 levels were significantly increased in dengue patients compared with HCs (p < 0.0001). TNF-a levels were significantly correlated with white blood cells and platelet counts (r s = 0.52, 0.2; p < 0.0001, p = 0.018, respectively). IL-1b levels were correlated with red blood cells counts and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (r s = 0.23, 0.21, 0.23; p = 0.004, 0.012, 0.005, respectively). The results suggest that these three proinflammatory cytokines are associated with the clinical outcome of dengue and could play roles in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Objective: Today there is a limited number of gender-based characteristics of the enalapril and losartanadministration in order to correct blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension.The aim ofthe study was to compare the effectiveness of enalapril and losartan for blood pressure correcting inpatients with arterial hypertension (AH), depending on gender. Materials and methods: The studywas carried out in 2019 at Military Hospital 175 in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. To achieve this goal,100 people were included in the study (50 females in the menopause and 50 males) with grade I-IIarterial hypertension aged 50 to 60 years. Patients with hypertension were divided into the followinggroups: group 1A – 25 males, who received enalapril 20 mg/d and 12.5 mg/d hydrochlorothiazideonce per day as antihypertensive therapy; group 1B – 25 males, who received losartan 50 mg/d andhydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg/d once per day; group 2A – 25 females, who received enalapril 20 mg/dand hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg/d once per day; group 2B – 25 females, who received losartan 50mg/d and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg/d once per day. The follow-up was 12 weeks. Results anddiscussion: The study showed that antihypertensive therapy with losartan is more effective in femalescompared with enalapril, as evidenced by a significant SBP decrease by 21.1% (p<0.05) at the endof treatment with losartan in females versus 18.6% (p<0.05) when using enalapril with the presenceof a statistically significant intergroup difference in the indicator (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our resultsindicate the presence of a gender difference in the antihypertensive effect of losartan and enalapril. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(2) 2021 p.348-355