Strategies are needed to incorporate the concept of self-efficacy in the design of diabetes education to promote patients' self-care behaviors, with an emphasis on dealing with hyper- or hypoglycemia, following the diet plan, and checking blood sugar levels as recommended. Diabetes education material that requires a lower literacy level may be needed for older or unemployed adult populations.

The present study was conducted with a group of outpatients, did not require expensive resources and was not time intensive, making it a viable therapy, clinically suitable for haemodialysis patients.

No abstract

Self-management programmes should be held regularly and evaluated in clinical practices, especially in developing countries. Providing practical screening tools and conducting psychological research on diabetes drive policy and health care system change.