Although tinnitus was the main sleep disrupting factor, hearing impairment among workers occupationally exposed to harmful noise, independently contributed to sleep impairment, especially to insomnia, regardless of age and years of exposure.

IntroductionPrevious studies have shown disruption of glycometabolic control and new diabetes mellitus (DM) diagnosis among patients with COVID-19. It is still unclear how the association of COVID-19 and new-onset DM may be modified by disease severity or vary over time, during acute and post-acute phases.Research design and methodsIn this retrospective matched cohort study, 157 936 patients with COVID-19 (aged ≥25 years, diagnosis date between March 01, 2020 and August 31, 2021) were compared with individuals without COVID-19, separately for non-hospitalized, hospitalized, and severe hospitalized patients. Stratified Cox proportional hazards models, with changing baseline time (starting at the date of COVID-19 diagnosis, and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months afterwards), were used to evaluate the occurrence of new DM in relation to COVID-19 infection in different time frames—from each landmark date until end of study.ResultsDuring mean follow-up time of 10.9 months, there were 1145 (0.72%) new diagnoses of DM compared with 1013 (0.64%) in the individuals without COVID-19 (p=0.004). Non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were not at higher risk of new DM neither during the acute phase nor afterward. Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 had a higher risk of developing DM, with the highest risk among severe hospitalized patients. This risk among hospitalized patients was highest in the acute phase (HR 2.47 (95% CI 1.86 to 3.29)), attenuated over time, but remained significant at 4-month landmark analysis (HR 1.60 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.29)).ConclusionsAcute and post-acute COVID-19 were associated with new DM only among hospitalized patients, with the highest risk among those hospitalized with severe disease. Those patients should be followed and monitored post-discharge for new DM. Patients who were not hospitalized did not have higher risk of new-onset DM.

Introduction: The predictive capability of waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) in cardiometabolic risk is well known. Both indices increase with age, yet the changes in WC relative to BMI, especially for a given BMI category, are not fully understand. This study aimed to assess changes with increasing age, of the ratio of WC-decile to BMI-decile (WC-d/BMI-d), stratified by sex and BMI categories. Hypothesis: WC-d/BMI-d increases with age, with significant differences within sex and BMI categories. Methods: For 29,256 participants (mean age: 47.8 years, 51% women) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2008-2017, WC-d and BMI-d (range 1-10 for both) were defined, and WC-d/BMI-d was calculated. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the independent association of age with WC-d/BMI-d. The model was adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and comorbidities. The interaction terms age x sex and age x BMI category were incorporated into the model. Separate models were applied for males, females, and BMI categories. Results: In multivariable linear regression, WC-d/BMI-d increased with age among the total study population (0.006, p<0.001); and the interaction terms age x sex and age x BMI-category were significant (p<0.001for both). The increasing trend of WC-d/BMI-d with age was significant for males (0.008, p<0.001), females (0.004, p<0.001), and the BMI groups examined (normgal weight: 0.011, p<0.001, overweight: 0.007, p<0.001, and obesity: 0.002, p<0.001). Greater increases were found among males (Figure 1A) and among individuals with normal BMI level (Figure 1B). Conclusion: The increase in WC-d/BMI-d with age reflects a steeper increase in WC than in BMI, with greater changes among males and among individuals with normal BMI level. These results emphasize the importance of WC measurement in clinical practice, especially among males and individuals with normal BMI. It is worth considering WC-d/BMI-d as an additional measure in obesity management among adults.

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