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Background Antiretroviral therapies prolong life expectancy and improve the quality of life of HIV-infected patients. Despite the documented benefits of antiretroviral drugs, its use is not without side effects. Here, we report cases of new onset diabetes mellitus after taking a dolutegravir (DTG)-based ART regimen. Case Presentation HIV-infected patients who had been on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based ART regimens for more than a decade were shifted to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (dolutegravir)-based ART regimen as recommended by the National Comprehensive HIV Care Guideline. They were diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus with or without diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) as evidenced by polyuria, polydipsia and fatigue, severe hyperglycemia (plasma glucose level >250 mg/dl) with or without ketonuria (3+) after 1–12 months of DTG-based ART regimen. Two of the patients who presented with DKA were treated with intravenous fluids and regular insulin. NPH insulin was started following recovery from DKA, which later shifted to metformin. One of the patients who presented with severe hyperglycemia without DKA was started with NPH insulin, which later shifted to metformin. Good glycemic control was obtained with metformin, while the DTG-based ART regimen was continued. Conclusion Hyperglycemia is a potential and noticed side effect of the DTG-based ART regimen. Baseline and periodic monitoring of plasma glucose might be required in ART regimens containing dolutegravir.

Background Dyspepsia is a common complaint in upper gastrointestinal disorders. It is described as predominant epigastric pain lasting for at least one month. Globally, peptic ulcer disease occurs in 3.5–32% of patients with dyspepsia. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/aspirin use are the widely known risk factors for peptic ulcer disease. There was no recent document on H. pylori infection rate among patients with peptic ulcer disease in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine magnitude and associated factors of peptic ulcer disease among dyspeptic patients in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods An institutional-based cross sectional study was conducted at the University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit 218 study subjects. A pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire was used to extract clinical information. Olympus flexible fiber-optic endoscope (Olympus, GIF-E 600, Olympus Corp., Hamburg, Germany) was used to confirm the presence of peptic ulcer disease. Diagnosis of active H. pylori infection was made using the fecal H. pylori Antigen 25 T Card Test (Anamol Lab., Pvt. Ltd., Palghar, India). The Data were entered into EPI Info version 4.6.0.2, and then exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Explanatory variables associated with peptic ulcer disease were analyzed by applying logistic regression model. P value < 0.05 was used to declare significant association. Result A total of 218 dyspeptic patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopic evaluations were included in the study. The mean (+ SD) age of patients was 42 ± 16.4 years. Forty nine percent (95% CI 42.4–56.2) of dyspeptic patients had active H. pylori infection. Peptic ulcer disease was diagnosed in 35% (95% CI 31.4–39.2) of patients with dyspepsia. H. pylori infection (AOR = 6.298, 95% CI 2.965–13.378, P value <  0.001) and NSAIDs/ASA use (AOR = 6.252, 95% CI 2.925–13.362, P value <  0.001) were identified as risk factors for peptic ulcer disease. Conclusion Medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease should target treatment of H. pylori infection and cautious use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/aspirin.

Background: The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the defining global health crisis of our time. To date there is no definitive treatment for COVID-19 and prevention remains the main strategy in tackling it. Social distancing has been proven to contain the epidemic and limit disease spread. The Ethiopian government has declared state of emergency and have taken several measures to impose social distancing measures. Given its strong culture and norms, the level of compliance to social distancing measures in Ethiopia is unknown. This study aims to determine the compliance, associated factors, barriers, and facilitators to social distancing measures for the prevention of COVID-19 in Northwest Ethiopia.Methods: A telephone interview based cross-sectional survey triangulated by a qualitative study was conducted from April 20 to May 20, 2020. A total of 401 participants and 12 key informants included for the quantitative and qualitative study respectively. Information on socio-demography, knowledge about COVID-19, practice on preventive measures, particularly social distancing was collected. The barriers and facilitators of social distancing were elicited qualitatively using in-depth interviews. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi- data and Stata software, respectively. Frequencies and odds ratio are used to explain and analyze the results. P-values < 0.05 and confidence level of 95% were considered statistical significance and strength of association, respectively.Results: Out of 401 study participants, 55.36 %( 95% CI 50.43, 60.18) had poor compliance to social distancing measures. The mean age of the participants was 36.4 years with SD ±11.76. Majority of participants (63.84%) went to crowded places without putting face mask. Of the participants, 60.6% and 76.31% had good knowledge on COVID-19 transmission and prevention, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed only age (AOR= 1.02, 95%CI: 1.00–1.04) was significantly associated with social distancing measures. Conclusion: The majority of the study participants have poor compliance with social distancing measures set by the government and health authorities. Compliance with social distancing measures was increased with increasing age. Continuous health education and enforcing of social distancing rules are recommended.

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