The study findings suggest parental ambivalence when it comes to discussing their spiritual or religious beliefs with their child's physicians. Given that improved understanding of parental spiritual and religious beliefs may be important in the decision-making process, incorporation of the expertise of professional spiritual care providers may provide the optimal context for enhanced parent-physician collaboration in the care of the critically ill child.

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When people estimate event frequency, they sometimes retrieve and count event instances. This study demonstrates a direct relation between the use of these enumeration-based strategies and the contents of memory. In 3 experiments, participants studied target-context word pairs, estimated presentation frequency for target words, and recalled context words. Study time, target-context relatedness, and study-phase instructions were manipulated, producing large differences in memory for context words. When context memory was best, estimation time increased sharply with presentation frequency, and the steepness of this estimation time-presentation frequency function decreased with context memory. These results indicate that enumeration was common only when context memory was good, that encoding factors determine how frequency is represented, and that the contents of memory restrict strategy selection. People use a variety of strategies to estimate event frequency. Under some conditions, enumeration is common; enumeration-based estimates are produced when a person retrieves and counts relevant event instances and uses the derived count as the basis for a frequency judgment (