Forty subjects were exposed to cigarette smoke produced by a smoking machine in a climatic chamber. The degree of air pollution due to cigarette smoke corresponded to 2.5 and 1.3 ppm delta CO. The concentrations of particulate matter, NO and NO2, were measured. The effects on subjective irritation, annoyance and eye blinking rate were determined. All measured effects increased with increasing smoke concentration as well as with exposure duration. Based on these effects, a tolerable limit in the range between 1.5 and 2.0 ppm delta CO is proposed.
The purpose of this study is to investigate workers' responses to work in hot-humid conditions while wearing protective clothing commonly used by the asbestos removal industry, and to evaluate the effects of resting between work bouts in a cool environment on the physiological strain. Seven male students wearing impermeable protective clothing and air masks were exposed to the following conditions for 100 min on separate days: (1) hot conditions (35 degrees C/85%RH), (2) cool conditions (20 degrees C/85%RH), and (3) hot/cool conditions (working in hot conditions and resting in cool conditions). After 12 min rest, the subjects worked on an ergometer (70 Watts) for 18 min. This experimental schedule was repeated three times under each environmental condition. Rectal temperature (Tre), heart rate (HR), sweat rate (SR) and discomfort sensation were recorded. Two of the subjects were not able to complete the experiment in hot conditions. The increases in Tre and HR with time were not found in cool conditions. Although Tre increased in hot/cool conditions, it was almost half of that in hot conditions. Since HR did not return to the pre-work level during recovery in hot conditions, HR during work was accompanied by increases in HR at pre-work. HR during work in hot/cool conditions was higher than that in cool conditions, HR at pre-work, however, was almost the same as that in cool conditions because of rapid recovery. The means of SR in hot and hot/cool conditions were five and four times greater than that in cool conditions, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The attitudes and reactions to passive smoking as well as the attitudes to active smoking have been investigated among schoolchildren and students in Zurich. 183 13-year-old children, 203 16-year-old children, and 367 23-year-old students were interviewed by a questionnaire. The most interesting results are as follows: -- Significantly more of the younger children (81%) than of the elder children (70%) and the students (70%) dislike passive smoking. -- Significantly more nonsmokers dislike passive smoking than smokers. -- The subjects whose parents smoke dislike passive smoking less than the subjects whose parents do not smoke. -- 80% of the students, 64% of the elder children, and 82% of the younger children complain of one or more kinds of irritations due to passive smoking. The most common impairment is eye irritation, followed by cough and nose irritation. -- More nonsmokers complain of irritations than smokers. -- There is no significant difference between girls and boys as for the reactions to passive smoking.
Table 3 Distribution of power spectrum in the three ranges of frequency (-0.109Hz, 0.109-0.327Hz and 0.327Hz-). Mean (%) Significant difference from thirties by t-test, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01
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