Single atomic metal–N–C materials have attracted immense interest as promising candidates to replace noble metal‐based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The coordination environment of metal–N–C active centers plays a critical role in determining their catalytic activity and durability, however, attention is focused only on the coordination of metal atoms. Herein, Fe single atoms and clusters co‐embedded in N‐doped carbon (Fe/NC) that deliver the synergistic enhancement in pH‐universal ORR catalysis via the four‐electron pathway are reported. Combining a series of experimental and computational analyses, the geometric and electronic structures of catalytic sites in Fe/NC are revealed and the neighboring Fe clusters are shown to weaken the binding energies of the ORR intermediates on Fe–N sites, hence enhancing both catalytic kinetics and thermodynamics. This strategy provides new insights into the understanding of the mechanism of single atom catalysis.

This paper proposes an artificial DNA assisted queen bee genetic algorithm (DNA+QBGA) to learn the gains, control structures, membership functions, and rules of the fuzzy controller. The queen bee genetic algorithm (QBGA) possesses simple and fast evolution process to figure out the best parameters and the DNA computing is adopted to determine the structure of fuzzy controller. Each fuzzy control structure can be defined by a different bee hive, which contains the control structure and dimension of the gain. The presented DNA+QBGA can make the membership functions and rules communicate with one another among different control structures. Moreover, a novel three-step crossover operation is investigated such that the crossover between different odd dimensions of membership functions can be made.Step one is that the dimensions of parents (queen and drone) and the offspring (brood) are expanded to the same dimension resolved by their least common multiple.Step two is to randomly select the genes from the parents in the corresponding space.Step three is that the offspring gene is calculated by the real-code crossover between their parents. Finally, the simulation results of the fuzzy controlled cart-pole and chaotic systems demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed schemes.