Aim: To investigate nursing faculty members' perceptions of oral care and to identify the effects of an educational environment on their perceptions. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire regarding oral care was conducted at eight nursing schools in Japan. A total of 156 (71.6%) faculty members participated in this study. Their perceptions of oral care practice were compared by using a statistical analysis according to the length of work experience, teaching field, school, and facility setting (defined as whether the school had an affiliated hospital with a dental department). Results: Almost all of the faculty members were nurses and most were female. Almost all perceived that oral care was effective in the prevention of aspiration pneumonia and frailty. There were significant differences by teaching field in the nurses' perceptions regarding with whom they should collaborate to conduct oral care and there were significant differences by school in the nurses' perceptions regarding who should provide oral care, where it should be provided, and what kinds of knowledge are important for practice. Perceptions of low involvement in oral care were significantly associated with the schools having an affiliated university hospital with a dental department. Conclusion: There were different perceptions regarding oral care among nursing faculty members and their perceptions might have been affected by their educational environment. Therefore, it is suggested that oral care education should be standardized and nursing faculty members should standardize the curriculum regarding oral care for nursing students.

This study explored tacit knowledge based on an expert nurse's practice who cares for stroke patients by using the hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The participant (‘Ms. A’) was a nursing researcher and college faculty member involved in the education of advanced practice nurses; her specialty was stroke rehabilitation nursing. She was asked to describe the meaning and value she gained from her memorable nursing experiences. Four interviews—approximately 1 h each—were conducted, and the associated data were interpreted together with the participant based on the method of interpretive circulation. Notably, the analysis was ended when a fusion of horizons was recognized. The participant recalled her nursing experiences based on six model cases. During the analysis, the following five elements were extracted: [belief in the ability of vulnerable people to survive]; [being together]; [respect for human dignity]; [preparedness to respond to and bear suffering together]; and [theoretical knowledge base approaches true understanding of patient experience]. Further, the nursing model—the Roy Adaptation Model—utilized by Ms. A in the process of recognizing humans as whole beings was deeply interpreted and implemented as a guideline for her implicit advanced practice. Moreover, her deep understanding and utilization of theoretical knowledge base also built the foundation for her implicit advanced practice. In conclusion, Ms. A's tacit knowledge and the elements support the process of tacit knowledge acquisition. Her narratives, hermeneutic attitude as an interpreter, and learning attitude throughout interaction with others will strongly help her knowledge development. We intend to continue the study with multiple participants and explore the structure of tacit knowledge possessed by advanced practitioners. Future endeavours will include the development of a tacit knowledge learning strategy.

Purpose: Apathy is one kind of frontal lobe dysfunction, and patients who su er from apathy tend to be misdiagnosed as being "lazy" by medical sta and families. Recently, apathy-measuring scales have been developed, such as the "Clinical Assessment for Spontaneity (CAS)" to try to evaluate this disability as objectively as possible. CAS consisted of ve subscales to measure multiple viewpoints of apathy. In this study we used the CAS3, the scale for assessment of spontaneity about patientsʼ ADL. e purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of evaluation between families and nurses in assessing patientsʼ apathy. Method: irty-nine pairs of families and nurses were interviewed and evaluated concerning patients apathy using the CAS3 scale. Results: A signi cant correlation was observed between the total CAS scores of families and nurses. However, the subscale CAS3 scores for speci c categories, especially grooming, bathing, medication, greeting, communication with others, and hobbies did not correlate signi cantly. Conclusion: When the results of CAS3 were analyzed, the total score of CAS was correlated, but there were evaluation gaps between nurses and families for some items because of the di erence of observation opportunities. ese results suggest that if families participate in patients assessment, nurses can evaluate apathy in more detail based on information about patients characteristics and lifestyles before a stroke occurs. ：前頭葉損傷に伴う自発性低下は，近年，標準意欲評価法(Clinical Assessment for Spontaneity, CAS)が開発され，客観的評価が試みられる．本研究では，CAS の 5 つの尺度の中でも，特に

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