This study was carried out to investigate whether the personal advocacy of in‰uenza vaccination by community pharmacists to people aged 65 years and above aŠected the vaccination rate and number of in‰uenza patients. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted with the cooperation of 84 community pharmacies in the wards of Suginami and Nerima, Tokyo. Participants were aged 65 years and above living in Suginami and Nerima wards, Tokyo, receiving dispensing services in their community pharmacies. The intervention was that pharmacists in the intervention pharmacy group provided information on the risk of in‰uenza and beneˆts of in‰uenza vaccination. Main outcome measures were the self-reported in‰uenza vaccination rate in January 2004, and the number of participants with in‰uenza, as conˆrmed by inspection of their prescriptions from January to May 2004. The vaccination rate in the intervention pharmacy group (81.6％) was signiˆcantly higher than that in the control pharmacy group (64.9％). The number of participants with in‰uenza among the intervention group (2/881) was signiˆcantly lower than that among the control group (11/895). The personal advocacy of in‰uenza vaccination by community pharmacists among people aged 65 years and above increases the vaccination rate and decreases the number of in‰uenza patients.