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The second autopsy case of microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum in our country was discussed. This case had no familial back‐ground or genetic predisposition for the disease and followed an almost asymptomatic course for 13 years since abnormal shadow of chest was revealed radio‐logically. Of interest in this case in the deposition observed microscopically of the same substance in alveolar walls or in the interstitium as the ground substance of intra‐alveolar microlith, which was probably responsible for the irregular elastosis.

In order to clarify the present state of opportunistic fungal infections increasing in incidence in autopsy cases, all autopsy cases from 1966 to 1975 reported in the Annual of Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan were reviewed. Of the total 233,130 autopsy cases, mycoses were present in 4,340 (1.86%). The incidence of mycoses has strikingly increased during the recent five-year period. In Japan, the mycoses most frequently occurring in autopsy cases were candidiasis (32.28%), aspergillosis (23.08%), cryptococcosis (9.63%), and mucormycosis (2.90%). These occurred more frequently in younger persons and were most commonly secondary and deep-seated infections (95.78%). Among the primary diseases associated with mycoses, aplastic anemia (14.36%), leukemia (9.89%), malignant lymphoma (5.73%), multiple myeloma (4.68%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (4.62%) were most frequent. The incidence of the primary diseases associated with mycoses is increasing extraordinarily, and this seems to be strongly related to the modern therapy of using high doses of anticancer or immunosuppressive agents.

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