No abstract

Intervertebral disc degeneration is an important clinical problem but existing treatments have significant drawbacks. The ability to bioengineer the entire spinal motion segment (SMS) offers hope for better motion preservation strategies but is extremely challenging. Here, fabrication of a multicomponent SMS construct with complex hierarchical organization from mesenchymal stem cells and collagen-based biomaterials, using a module-based integrative approach, is reported. The construct consists of two osteochondral subunits, a nucleus pulposus (NP-)-like core and a multi-lamellae annulus fibrosus (AF-)-like component. Chondrogenic medium is crucial for stabilizing the osteochondral subunits, which are shown to allow passive nutrient diffusion, while cyclic compression is necessary for better fiber matrix organization. Cells adhere, survive, and interact with the NP-like core. Cyclic torsional loading stimulates cell alignment in the AF-like lamellae and the number of lamellae affects the mechanical properties of the construct. This work represents an important milestone in SMS tissue engineering and provides a 3D model for studying tissue maturation and functional remodeling.

The first realization of a bioengineered quadri‐phasic spinal motion segment (SMS) is reported by B. P. Chan and co‐workers on page 99 using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and collagen as starting materials. The construct consists of two vertebrae‐endplate‐like subunits, sandwiching a multi‐lamellae annulus fibrosus‐like component, which entraps a soft nucleus pulposus‐like core. The complex hierarchical organization ranges from nano‐fibrous collagen meshwork to micrometer‐sized MSC‐collagen beads, and from millimeter‐sized individual tissue components to centimeter‐sized SMS construct.

Introduction Stem cells possess great potential in treating disk degeneration. MSC is the most clinically relevant cell source but its functional outcomes are still far from satisfaction. One of the primary reasons for the suboptimal performance of MSCs is that the majority of injected cells leaked out from the injection path. Existing attempts addressing this issue focus on further increasing the viscosity of carrier and use of BioGlue. Nevertheless, from others and our own experiences, the high intradiscal pressure in the IVD would extrude the injected cells out immediately even with solid carriers while the blocking effect of glues is only transient as large osteophyte structure was still seen in 6 months time. As a result, we hypothesize that effectively blocking the injection portal with an injectable biomaterial-based annulus plug will solve the cell leakage problem. Our group has previously developed a photochemical cross-linking technology to improve the physicochemical properties including mechanical strength, chemical stability, and swelling property of collagen-based scaffolds. Our ultimate goal is to further enhance the functional outcomes of MSC-based IVD regeneration by effectively solving the cell leakage problem. In this study, we aim to (1) fabricate a photochemically cross-linked collagen annulus plug; (2) evaluate the performance of the plug ex vivo by conducting mechanical push-out test with different loading protocols and cell leakage test; (3) design a clinically applicable delivery device for the plug and (4) evaluate the performance of the plug in vivo by using a rabbit IVD degeneration model. Materials and Methods Acid soluble rat tail type I collagen at 4 mg/mL was poured into cylindrical-shaped container and placed in an alkaline vapor chamber containing ammonium hydroxide to initiate the gelation process for 1 hour. The reconstituted collagen gel was equilibrated with rose Bengal solution (0.0005%) overnight before irradiating the gel Argon laser at 514 nm for 100 seconds at laser power of 0.2 W. The cross-linked collagen gel was then shaped into thin needles with length around 5 to 7 mm and diameter either less than 0.5 mm or around 1 mm by controlled dehydration. The plug was inserted into rabbit lumbar disk either through direct puncture or through a 21G-syringe needle. Histoacryl glue was used to seal the insertion site. The lumbar discs were then subjected to axial loading of 40–50N at 1 Hz for 7 days with either a protocol of continuous cyclic compression or a protocol simulating the physiological daily activities with cyclic and static loading patterns to evaluate the mechanical durability of the plug. In a separate experiment, quantum dots-labeled MSCs were injected into the disk and injection portal was immediately blocked with the annulus plug with and without Histoacryl glue. The discs were subjected to the physiological loading protocol and the culture medium was collected after 7 days to evaluate the cell leakage by visual inspection under a fluorescent microscopy. Re...