In conclusion, the present results indicate the possible contribution of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta gene polymorphisms to migraine headache generation in MwoA patients.

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Background: It is well known that axonal degeneration plays a role in disability in patients with multiple sclerosis, and synaptopathy has recently become an important issue. Aims: To investigate the possible roles of selected synaptic and presynaptic membrane protein genetic polymorphisms (VAMP2, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin, and syntaxin 1A) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Study Design: Case-control study. Methods: A total of 123 patients with multiple sclerosis and 192 healthy controls were included. The functional polymorphisms of specific SNARE complex proteins (VAMP2, synaptotagmin XI, syntaxin 1A, and SNAP-25) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Significant differences were detected in the genotype and allele distribution of 26-bp Ins/Del polymorphisms of VAMP2 between patients with multiple sclerosis and control subjects; Del/Del genotype and Del allele of VAMP2 were more frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis (p=0.011 and p=0.004, respectively). Similarly, Ddel polymorphism of SNAP-25 gene C/C genotype (p=0.059), syntaxin 1A T/C and C/C genotypes (p=0.005), and synaptotagmin XI gene C allele (p=0.001) were observed more frequently in patients with multiple sclerosis. CC, syntaxin rs1569061 1A gene for 33-bp promoter region TC haplotypes, and synaptotagmin XI gene were found to be associated with an increased risk for multiple sclerosis (p=0.012). Similarly, GC haplotype for rs3746544 of SNAP-25 gene and rs1051312 of SNAP-25 gene were associated with an increased risk for multiple sclerosis (p=0.022). Conclusion: Genetic polymorphisms of SNARE complex proteins, which have critical roles in synaptic structure and communication, may play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis.

It was aimed to investigate the association of the synapsin III gene -196 G> A and -631 C>G polymorphisms that takes place in an encoding presynaptic protein, with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One hundred thirty-nine patients having adult ADHD and 106 controls were included in the study. DNA samples were extracted from whole blood and genetic analyses were performed. A significant difference was determined between ADHD and synapsin III gene -631 C>G polymorphism compared to the control group. No significant difference was determined between ADHD and synapsin III gene -196 G>A polymorphism. These polymorphisms were found not to be associated with subtypes of ADHD. It is supposed that synaptic protein genes together with dopaminergic genes might have roles in the etiology of ADHD.

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