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The functioning of the engine in a closed loop with lambda sensor and catalyzer makes the excess air factor to be maintained as close as possible to the value 1=1. Based on an own model, the authors realized an analytical calculation of the indicated diagram. The indicated diagram was also raised on an experimental stand in p-V coordinates, and the real indicated diagram in p-a coordinates. The equations for the thermal processes that take place in the engine have been determined and, after that, these were introduced in a computer. Using these equations, the state parameters in the characteristic points of the engine cycle were calculated.

Within the highly complex ecosystem of industry-university collaboration in open innovation, three specific antecedents typically characterize the patterns of their interaction, i.e., motivations, barriers, and channels of knowledge transfer. However, an investigation of the extent to which these antecedents of opening up innovation impact the perceived importance of universities as an external knowledge source to the industry is still missing in the literature. Based on a research framework developed from a review of the literature, a two-stage ordinal regression, and neural network approach was performed to investigate this impact. In the first stage, the hypotheses of the proposed research framework were tested based on an ordinal regression, and those antecedents that significantly impacted the importance perception were revealed. In the second stage, an artificial neural network analysis was carried out to capture the complex relationships among the significant antecedents and the important perception of universities as an external knowledge source to the industry. On the whole, the findings of our study expand the existing open innovation literature and contribute to a more articulate view of the collaboration between industry and university in this field by providing a first perspective on which of the three antecedents has a significant impact on this perception and how such an impact can be predicted.