Nanomaterials have become an established area of academic research and they have gained commercial importance due to their valuable physico-chemical properties, such as large surface area, high mechanical strength as well as unique optical and electrical features. Numerous nanosize architectures have been researched and reported to date including quantum dots, fullerenes, nanorods, nanowires, nanofibers, nanosheets, nanowalls, nanocoils and nanoballs etc. Among these materials, nanofibers are extremely valuable morphologies used across many industries spanning from textile to medical applications and beyond. This review article has focused on the various works and reports of MgO-based applications and its overlap with nanofiber-based structures -a growing area of industrial and academic interest. A comprehensive review of the growing number of reports to date was carried out, so as to provide a unified resource for researchers going forward. As the acceptance and broader set of applications continues its exponential growth in commercial and academic output, it is envisaged that MgO-based composites will play a central part in many future reports of nanofibrous composites (and broader composite), due to the wide variety of applications to which MgO is suited, as well as other peripheral properties such as cost, availability, ease-ofhandling and use etc. Indeed, despite the many preliminary reports to date, there remains a great deal yet to discover and optimise for such systems. An Introduction to Nanofibers and MgO-based CompositesNanomaterials have become established areas of academic research and commercial importance due to their valuable (and often fascinating) physico-chemical properties, e.g.; large surface area, high mechanical strength as well as unique optical and electrical features. Numerous nanosized architectures have been reported to date including quantum dots, fullerenes, nanorods, nanowires, nanofibers, nanosheets, nanowalls, nanocoils and nanoballs etc. Among these materials, nanofibers are extremely valuable morphologies used across many industries spanning from textile to medical applications and beyond 1-5 .