Research has sufficiently documented the built environment correlates of walking. However, evidence is limited in investigating the comparative associations of micro- (streetscape features) and macro-level (street network design and land-use) environmental measures with pedestrian movement. This study explores the relative association of street-level design-local qualities of street environment-, street network configuration –spatial structure of the urban grid- and land-use patterns with the distribution of pedestrian flows in peripheral neighbourhoods. Street design attributes and ground-floor land-uses are obtained through field surveys while street network configuration is evaluated through space syntax measures. The statistical models indicate that the overall spatial configuration of street network proves to be a stronger correlate of walking than local street-level attributes while only average sidewalk width appears to be a significant correlate of walking among the streetscape measures. However, the most significant and consistent correlate of the distribution of flows is the number of recreational uses at the segment-level. This study contributes to the literature by offering insights into the comparative roles of urban design qualities of the street environment and street network layout on pedestrian movement. The findings also offer evidence-based strategies to inform specific urban design and urban master planning decisions (i.e., the provision of more generous sidewalks on streets with relatively higher directional accessibility) in creating lively, walkable environments.
Göstergebilim incelemelerinin önemli bir basamağını oluşturan metin ve söylemler, kişinin düşüncesini ifade etmek için kullandığı dil kodlarıdır. Sürekli olarak yenilenen ve devinen söylemler, sözel ve görsel anlatımın zaman dizilim ilişkileri içinde, farklı katmanları ayrıştırarak kentsel anlam ve hafızanın bir süreç boyunca analiz edilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Böylece, her dilin semiyotik haritasında olduğu gibi her mekânın hafıza haritasında farklı görüngüler oluşmaktadır. Bu bağlamda edebi kurgu, hafıza ile mekânlar arasındaki ilişkileri güçlendiren bir metin görevi görmektedir. Metnin içerdiği özgün ayrımlar, silikleşen ve üst üste binen palimpsest hafıza izlerini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Kentsel/mimari tasarımın edebiyatla olan ilişkisi, anlama, hayal etme, üretme ve tasavvur etme becerisini geliştiren önemli birer araçtır. Yazınsal mekân üretimi, insanın düşünceleri, anıları ve düşleri için en büyük birleştirici güçlerden biridir. Bu çalışma, edebiyat, mekân ve hafıza arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmakta, kentsel bağlama metinsel kurguyu ekleyebilmenin ve edebiyatın düşsel kurgusu ile tasarımın anlatı gücünü birleştirmenin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, yazınsal mekânın anlatısı ve metinler aracılığıyla ortaya çıkarılan mekân kurgusu, seçilen farklı örnekler üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu örnekler, sundukları farklı temsil biçimleriyle hafızanın barındırdığı anlamları ortaya koymaktadır. Metinler aracılığı ile yapılan göstergebilimsel anlatı ve görsel temsilleri, kentsel/mimari mekânın üretimine doğrudan katkı sağlamaktadır.
Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is a robust tool to systematically evaluate the effects of design decisions on spatial performance and to identify the relationship between the space and its users. Although there is a growing body of POE research on complex buildings, such as hospitals and education spaces, studies on the POE evaluation of public open spaces are limited. More importantly, few studies have investigated public squares designed at the periphery and how they are used. This study aims to identify the extent to which spatial configuration of public squares is related to users' behavior (i.e., modes/distances of access, level of satisfaction). For this purpose, we focused on four peripheral urban squares located in Istanbul, Turkey. The methodology applied in the study includes a synthesis of three types of expertise: 1) behavioral mapping of urban squares (through the analysis of patterns of use based on direct observation), 2) cognitive evaluation of spaces based on perceived factors (through user questionnaires), and 3) quantifying urban public spaces objectively (through the methodology of space syntax and urban morphology). The results identify associations between objective characteristics of public spaces designed at the peripheral districts, patterns of use and users' perception of these areas, to a certain extent. For example, the variety and intensity of activities within the square as well as the length of occupancy are highest for Avcılar square, which is most integrated within its urban surroundings with reduced average block size. An important finding is the association between the average street connectivity levels of these squares with their pedestrian catchment areas. In other words, the more integrated a public urban space is with its surroundings (800mt buffers), its users will access this space on foot from a larger distance. Based on these findings, spatial configuration as measured by space syntax measures appears to be an explanatory measure assessing the potentiality of public open spaces for bringing users together, hence, creating a lively, well-used space. However, the results also point to some disagreements between the perceived (users' evaluations) and objective (syntactic analysis) measurements, which indicate that both types of measurements are needed in POE research of public spaces.
Geographical conditions affect behaviors, habits, relationship, mental and emotional orientations of people. The subject that forms the platform for the living memory creates the details of the urban space in the process of experiencing through evoking of the recollection of the memory as it forms the urban spaces. Besides, the role of layering is determinative in relation to memory with spatial organization. This study draws attention to urban places that allow their selves for the possibilities of forming associations and multiple-reading of the memory, and representative interfaces. It will be discussed how the past lived, gained continuity and formed the sense of time in the practices of the present. While the coexisting is emphasized on holistic memory, the effects that layers and pores have on subjects will be addressed through representations. Within this scope, it has been envisaged to combine memory layers, separated from different contexts with porosity and montage metaphors. The concept of porosity is defined not only as spatial and temporal but also as the mobility of social codes, and transitivity between past and future. The montage in the layered unity of the space also relates to the issue of how two or more different parts form a whole with each other. In this context, the issues of how the relationships between different parts will occur during memory montage, which subjects or acts will define and increase the interval of space-time relationship will only be solved by taking the parameters of memory's spatial and temporal contexts into consideration.
Büyük ölçekli kentsel dönüşüm projeleri öncülüğünde hızla üretilen postmodern mekân üretimi, Bomonti Semti'nin bir taraftan tektipleşmesine ve standartlaşmasına, diğer taraftan melezleşmesine tanıklık etmektedir. Yerel kültürün ve kolektif belleğin göz ardı edildiği, bulanıklaştığı ve manipüle edilmeye başladığı bu süreçte, gelenekler ve davranış biçimleri birbirine benzer hale gelerek yeniden icat edilmektedir. Metruk sanayi yapılarının sanat galerilerine, butik dükkânlara, kafelere, otellere ve ofis alanlarına dönüştürülmesi, belirli temalar çerçevesinde kopyalanan ve yeniden inşa edilen melez mekânlara örnek oluşturmaktadır. Dolaşım, tüketim ve iletişim odaklı gelişmeleri öne çıkaran ve geleneksel olandan farklılaşan bu alanlar, kısa ömürlü, anlık görüntülerin ve geçiciliklerin yaşandığı ve yer olarak görülmeyen oluşumlara dönüşmektedir. Dolayısıyla, Bomonti'de yaşanan belleğin başkalaşımı, çok boyutlu ve karmaşık mekânsal dönüşümlerin yanı sıra melezleşmenin ve tektipleşmenin bir ürünüdür. Bu çalışma, farklı yaşamların çoğul pratiklerini ve kolektif belleğin örgütlenme biçimlerini planlama ve tasarım sürecine aktarabilmenin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Geçmişten günümüze süregelen kentsel deneyimler ortaklığında toplumsal olarak inşa edilmiş yaşam alışkanlıklarını, mekân ve ortak hafıza ekseninde keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
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