Animals can shape their timed behaviors based on experienced probabilistic relations in a nearly optimal fashion. On the other hand, it is not clear if they adopt these timed decisions by making computations based on previously learnt task parameters (time intervals, locations, and probabilities) or if they gradually develop their decisions based on trial and error. To address this question, we tested mice in the timed-switching task, which required them to anticipate when (after a short or long delay) and at which of the two delay locations a reward would be presented. The probability of short trials differed between test groups in two experiments. Critically, we first trained mice on relevant task parameters by signaling the active trial with a discriminative stimulus and delivered the corresponding reward after the associated delay without any response requirement (without inducing switching behavior). During the test phase, both options were presented simultaneously to characterize the emergence and temporal characteristics of the switching behavior. Mice exhibited timed-switching behavior starting from the first few test trials, and their performance remained stable throughout testing in the majority of the conditions. Furthermore, as the probability of the short trial increased, mice waited longer before switching from the short to long location (experiment 1). These behavioral adjustments were in directions predicted by reward maximization. These results suggest that rather than gradually adjusting their time-dependent choice behavior, mice abruptly adopted temporal decision strategies by directly integrating their previous knowledge of task parameters into their timed behavior, supporting the model-based representational account of temporal risk assessment.decision making | interval timing | temporal risk assessment | probabilities | mice M any vertebrate species can build temporal expectancies and cluster their anticipatory behaviors around intervals that lead to critical outcomes (1). The resultant timed behaviors have been shown to be sensitive to other crucial elements of environmental statistics, such as the probabilities of different outcomes (2-4). However, how steady-state choice behavior emerges in temporal decision-making tasks that contain probabilistic contingencies remains to be answered. Do animals directly manifest their knowledge of quantities (e.g., time interval, probability) and locations in their timed behavior or do they gradually acquire differential timed response patterns based on reinforcement learning in a fashion stripped of representations? This study aimed to address this fundamental question using a simple temporal decisionmaking task.A class of interval timing paradigms requires the animals to distribute their responses between two (short vs. long latency) options, each of which predicts reward after the corresponding fixed delay. In these cases, the emergent response pattern is first behaviorally investing in the option with a short delay to the reward, and if responding a...

Decisions are made based on the integration of available evidence. The noise in evidence accumulation leads to a particular speed-accuracy tradeoff in decision-making, which can be modulated and optimized by adaptive decision threshold setting. Given the effect of pre-SMA activity on striatal excitability, we hypothesized that the inhibition of pre-SMA would lead to higher decision thresholds and an increased accuracy bias. We used offline continuous theta burst stimulation to assess the effect of transient inhibition of the right pre-SMA on the decision processes in a free-response two-alternative forced-choice task within the drift diffusion model framework. Participants became more cautious and set higher decision thresholds following right pre-SMA inhibition compared with inhibition of the control site (vertex). Increased decision thresholds were accompanied by an accuracy bias with no effects on post-error choice behavior. Participants also exhibited higher drift rates as a result of pre-SMA inhibition compared with the vertex inhibition. These results, in line with the striatal theory of speed-accuracy tradeoff, provide evidence for the functional role of pre-SMA activity in decision threshold modulation. Our results also suggest that pre-SMA might be a part of the brain network associated with the sensory evidence integration.

Two series of new Schiff base metal complexes (Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Zn(II)) were synthesized and used to study their fastness and thermal properties. All of the dyes were applied on cotton, polyester and cellulose acetate fabrics as reactive dyes by using temperature and 1 : 20 Flotte ratio. Washing, rubbing and light fastness was investigated by ISO 105‐C06 A2S, TS EN ISO 105‐X12 and ISO 105‐B02 methods, respectively and obtained very well to excellent results. Structures of the metal complex dyes were elucidated by IR, UV‐Vis, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, mass spectroscopic techniques, magnetic susceptibility measurements, elemental analysis, and thermal analysis. Spectroscopic results indicate that all of the complexes adopt octahedral geometry. Also the results indicate that the complexes are formed by the binding of a metal ion with two Schiff bases by using two >C=N‐ groups, two hydroxyl groups and two aqua ligands. In the present study, for the first time, fabrics were dyed with Schiff bases and metal complexes, and then, their fastness analyses were carried out and were obtained fine results.