Summary1 Maximum attainable height varies greatly between tree species in tropical rain forests and covaries with demographic and allometric traits. We examined these relationships in 27 abundant tree species in a mixed dipterocarp forest. These species were monitored over 3 years in two 1-ha plots in western Borneo. A 95-percentile upper height limit was used to represent maximum height, to avoid sample size differences among populations. 2 Average growth rate in trunk diameter was regressed against trunk diameter using a maximum likelihood model and assuming that growth rates were exponentially distributed around the average. Estimated average growth rate at small trunk diameters (up to 11 cm) was independent of maximum height among the 27 species, while the degree of growth reduction at larger diameters was larger for species with smaller maximum height. 3 The recruitment rate efficiency of saplings was negatively correlated with maximum height, regardless of the measure used to assess species abundance. In particular, sapling recruitment per unit basal area declined greatly with increasing maximum height, consistent with model predictions of the traits required for the stable coexistence of species at different heights within the canopy. 4 Allometric analyses showed that understorey species had shorter heights at the same trunk diameter, and deeper crowns at the same tree height, than canopy species. Therefore, understorey species showed adaptive morphology to deep shade. 5 The regressed size-dependent pattern of average growth rate and an assumption that the population was in a steady state readily explained the observed trunk diameter distributions for 21 species among 27 examined. These species, for which the projected size distribution hardly changed when the natural increase or decrease of the population was set at γ = ± 0.005 year − 1 , had mortality rates of more than four times the value of γ .

The levels of genetic diversity and gene flow may influence the long‐term persistence of populations. Using microsatellite markers, we investigated genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in island (Krakatau archipelago, Indonesia) and mainland (Java and Sumatra, Indonesia) populations of Liporrhopalum tentacularis and Ceratosolen bisulcatus, the fig wasp pollinators of two dioecious Ficus (fig tree) species. Genetic diversity in Krakatau archipelago populations was similar to that found on the mainland. Population differentiation between mainland coastal sites and the Krakatau islands was weak in both wasp species, indicating that the intervening 40 km across open sea may not be a barrier for wasp gene flow (dispersal) and colonization of the islands. Surprisingly, mainland populations of the fig waSPS may be more genetically isolated than the islands, as gene flow between populations on the Javan mainland differed between the two wasp species. Contrasting growth forms and relative ‘immunity’ to the effects of deforestation in their host fig trees may account for these differences.

(Dammerman, 1948. They were well illustrated and described together with their collection data in the book of Docters van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan and Docters van Leeuwen (1926) [hereafter, 'the book' or 'DvLR and DvL (1926)1, which also included many other galls collected by them ftom various localities in Indonesia. This book is, therefore, quite useful in identifying the Indonesian galls. In addition, insect and mite galls are relatively convenient material for a faunistic study due to their species specificity in shape, galled portion, and host plant. Nevertheless, the recolonization by gallers was not surveyed after the 1920s until the 1980s. By taking these advantages into consideration and to provide additional information, we devoted considerable time to the collection of galls during

Species assemblage data from the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia, are presented for the period 1883 to 1989 (including previously unpublished data from the 1989 sdrvey). Since 1934, 16 additional families of higher plants have colonised. Recent arrivals at the family level are mostly of zoochorous species of forest tree, indicating (subject to the effects of disturbance) a continuing increase in potential niche space within the island interiors. The data for Rakata (an uninterrupted prisere) conform to a successional explanation in which identifiable ecological groups of plants exhibit differing colonization and turnover patterns. Animal-dispersed canopy tree species and species which are widespread within the group, exhibit a very low probability of extinction once they have colonized successfully. There are, however, several constraints on the rapid spread of species within the group, in particular those connected to local dispersal (eg lack of large terrestrial mammals). In respect of dispersal to the group, partial survey data for the island of Sebesi from 1921 (revised) and 1989 provides the basis for comment as to the changing biogeographical circumstances of the Sunda Straits and the role of Sebesi as a 'stepping stone' island. The varied data discussed in the paper indicates that with the exception of the strand-line, no component of the Krakatau flora or vegetation has yet approached a stable composition. Both floral and faunal diversification are argued to be proximally controlled not only by dispersal opportunities but also by the dynamics of the dominant life-forms of the system, ie, the forest trees. Such hierarchical links, across trophic boundaries, should receive greater recognition in the construction of island biogeographical theory.