Beneficial root microbes may mitigate negative effects of crop pests by enhancing plant tolerance or resistance. We used a greenhouse experiment to investigate impacts of commercially available microbial root inoculants on growth and biomass allocation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. [Cyperales: Poaceae]) and on survival and growth of the gall-inducing wheat pest Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). A factorial design was used, with two near-isogenic wheat lines (one susceptible to Hessian fly, the other resistant), two levels of insect infestation (present, absent), and four inoculants containing: 1) Azospirillum brasilense  Tarrand et al. (Rhodospirillales: Azospirillaceae), a plant growth-promoting bacterium, 2) Rhizophagus intraradices (N.C. Schenck & G.S. Sm.) (Glomerales: Glomeraceae), an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, 3) A. brasilense + R. intraradices, and 4) control, no inoculant. Larval feeding stunted susceptible wheat shoots and roots. Plants had heavier roots and allocated a greater proportion of biomass to roots when plants received the inoculant with R. intraradices, regardless of wheat genotype or insect infestation. Plants receiving the inoculant containing A. brasilense (alone or with R. intraradices) had comparable numbers of tillers between infested and noninsect-infested plants and, if plants were susceptible, a greater proportion of aboveground biomass was allocated to tillers. However, inoculants did not impact density or performance of Hessian fly immatures or metrics associated with adult fitness. Larvae survived and grew normally on susceptible plants and mortality was 100% on resistant plants irrespective of inoculants. This initial study suggests that by influencing plant biomass allocation, microbial inoculants may offset negative impacts of Hessian flies, with inoculant identity impacting whether tolerance is related to root or tiller growth.

Integrated pest management (IPM) tactics may effectively control focal pests, but it is also important to test the compatibility of different tactics, and consider non-target organisms. We investigated the effects of a neonicotinoid seed treatment and Rag resistance genes used for soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) control on reproduction of a non-target herbivore (twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch) in short-term greenhouse experiments. We also examined interactions between spider mites and a specialist phytoseiid mite [Ambylseius fallacis (Garman)] and assessed the effects of a co-occurring opportunistic omnivore [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] by including thrips density as a covariate. There were no interactive or main effects of the presence of Rag genes on the densities of any of the arthropods. Overall, effects of the seed treatment on spider mite densities varied, with no difference when mites were confined in clip cages, and higher populations on seed-treated plants when on whole plants. Predatory mites had a consistent negative impact on spider mites, and densities of A. fallacis immatures were similar between seed treated and non-seed treated plants. However, the relationship between spider mite and thrips densities was different between these two plant types, but only in the clip cage experiment lacking predatory mites. This research highlights the importance of considering how IPM tactics might affect non-target organisms.

Biology of the lonicera whitefly, Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) were studied on violet, Viola tricolor L. (Violaceae) plants. Whitefly adults were collected from Mercurialis annua L. (Euphorbiaceae) plants in Adana. The development duration of egg, first, second, third, fourth larval (pupa) stages of A. lonicerae on V. tricolor were 9.17, 6.33, 5.83, 4.00, 5.17 and 30.50 days for the females and 10.27, 5.91, 5.55, 4.82, 4.55 and 31.10 days for the males, respectively. The total development duration from egg to adult of female and males of A. lonicerae were 30.50 and 31.10 days. The mortality rate (%) of egg, 1., 2., 3. and 4. larva (pupae) stages on violet leaves were 22.45, 18.37, 12.25, 4.08 and 8.16, respectively. According to life table depending on pre-adult stages on violet plants, the biggest k value determined was for the first larvae stage (k=0.1174). At the same time, the k-values determined indicated the stage with the highest mortality rates. In the studies conducted for host plant preference, the average numbers of eggs deposited by the females of A. lonicerae were significantly different between rose (2.67/two leaves) and violet (15.83/two leaves) in the same experimental area. The study was conducted in a climate-controlled room in at 20±2°C, 40%±5 relative humidity.

Biology of the Lonicera whitefly, Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were studied on rose, Rosa sp. (Rosaceae) plants. Whitefly adults were collected from Mercurialis annua L. (Euphorbiaceae) plants in Adana. The development duration of egg, first, second, third, fourth larval (pupa) stages, total of A. lonicerae on Rosa sp. plants at 20°C were 8.44, 5.44, 5.50, 4.50, 5.19 and 29.07 days for the females and 8.15, 5.46, 5.92, 4.92, 5.38, 29.83 days for the males respectively. The development duration of egg, first, second, third, fourth larval (pupa) stages, total of A. lonicerae on Rosa sp. plants at 25°C were 8.00, 1.67, 2.33, 2.67, 9.67, 24.34 days for the females and 7.67, 2.33, 2.33, 3.33, 7.83 and 23.49 days for the males respectively. The mortality rate (%) of egg, first, second, third, fourth larval (pupae) stages of A. lonicerae at 20 and 25°C temperatures were 14.70, 13.97, 25.00, 20.58, 4.41; 2.89, 24.65, 26.08, 20.28, 13.06 respectively. The biggest k values at 20 and 25°C on rose plants were 0.2553 for the third larval stage and 0.3010 for the fourth larval stage, respectively.