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We report here a novel optical technique for the continuous measurement of the level and the volume of transparent liquids in a cylindrical container. This measurement technique is based on the principle of liquid level induced modulation in the solid angle of a divergent light beam incident on liquid surface. This technique has advantages of being a very sensitive and non-intrusive way of measurement. The proposed technique has been experimentally tested with clean water, colored water, diluted glycerin, and pure glycerin by using liquid containers having 100-, 250-, and 500-mL capacity. Measurement results provide the highest sensitivity in the case of a container having smallest diameter. The proposed system is capable of measuring the liquid level and volume with approximate resolutions down to 3.2 m and 6.2 L, respectively, in the case of a 100-mL container. The sensitivity is found to decrease with the increasing diameter of the container as well as with the decreasing optical transparency of the liquids, but increase with the increasing refractive indices of transparent liquids. And this technique has an appreciably larger dynamic range of measurement, good linearity, and repeatability in the measurement responses.

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Each and every part of human life is somehow linked with the embedded products. Embedded systems are product of hardware and software co design. It is becoming an integral part of engineering design process for efficient analysis of data acquisition. Data acquisition implies the gathering of information about a system or process. It is the process of collecting data in an automated way from analog and digital sources of measurement, such as sensors and devices under test. The present paper describes the design of an embedded system for the control of temperature and light intensity in a single system using sensors, microcontroller and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). It describes the controlling action incorporated in the hardware to control any device connected when specific conditions are met.

Investigations on implementation of web application with different techniques are essential for developers' as well as users' perspective. As such, the authors propose to investigate the same by implementing two prototype research web applications based on two different implementation techniques. One of the web applications has been implemented based on the Microsoft .NET technique and the other based on the Java technique. Our objective is to carry out a detailed comparative study of both the techniques in terms of efficiency, reliability, performance, scalability, stability and time to market features of both the techniques. Load and stress testing are performed for both the web applications using Mercury LoadRunner. The statistical analysis of recorded data for both the applications is carried out to study the feasibility of the work. In this study, the authors present in detail the results of the authors' comparative study on the two techniques.