Landscape patterns have been undergoing various changes on account of environmental and human factors. These changes affect ecological connectivity of landscapes; therefore existing connections are necessary to maintain sustainable habitats. Connectivity is associated with the diversity and composition of landscape structure. For this reason, when studying ecological connectivity, it is relevant to analyze the changes in diversity, composition, and fragmentation of landscape patterns. This study was conducted in Manisa, Turkey, where the impact of industrialization and urbanization on landscape is very significant. The aim of this study is to assess the changes in ecological connectivity based on an ecological connectivity model and landscape metrics that characterize landscape heterogeneity between 2000 and 2018. Largest Patch Index (LPI), Marginal Entropy (ENT), and Relative Mutual Information (RELMUTINF) were utilized to evaluate the fragmentation, diversity, and composition of the landscape, respectively. As a result of this study, forest loss was found to be 12,970 ha based on 18 years of land change. This has an adverse impact on the ecological connectivity, resulting in a decrease in the high and very high connectivity areas from 71.5% to 53.5%. At the landscape level, the decrease in the LPI from 3.55 to 2.30 shows that fragmentation has increased in Manisa. Since larger patches have higher species diversity in general, a drop in the LPI value indicates that species diversity has decreased over time. The most substantial observed changes include the homogenization of agricultural land and the fragmentation of forests. The results demonstrate that a combination of ecological connectivity and landscape metrics would be highly effective for extensive planning and interpretation.
Landscapes are composed of diverse units that associate with each other, and these units have different functions both in ecology and physiognomy. Thus, evaluating landscape character plays an important role for conserving biodiversity , as well as spatial planning and management of habitats and landscapes. Determining and analyzing environmental factors is an important part of assessing the conservation value of landscape types. For its ecological value, stone pine, botanical name Pinus pinea L. was chosen to be evaluated according to the environmental parameters in this research, because of its scattered distribution around the Mediterranean basin. Although P. pinea L. does not have a widespread distribution, it is naturally found in five regions of Turkey. This research was conducted in three provinces (Muğla, Denizli, and Aydın), located in western Anatolia. Maps representing different classes of soil, geology, aspect, and slope were overlaid in ArcMap 10.5, and characterized by Landscape Character Assessment (LCA). A total of 309 character types were determined, according to tree species composition, represented by 4 variants of the P. pinea L. community. To assess fragmentation among 34 different stands, landscape metrics were calculated using Fragstats v4.2 software. Potential range for regenerating stone pine stands was suggested in this paper, which can be considered as habitat corridors providing connectivity between mature stands. Spatial variation in bird species composition, reflecting wildlife richness, was evaluated as evidence for forest fragmentation.
Korunan alanlar, tür ve habitat çeşitliliğinin korunmasının yanı sıra, tarihi ve kültürel değerlerin korunması ve yönetilmesi açısından da büyük öneme sahiptirler. Bu kapsamda birçok araştırmacı parçalanma ve izolasyonun peyzajlar ve türler üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak için peyzaj bağlantılılığının korunması ve geliştirilmesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Dilek Yarımadası-Büyük Menderes Deltası Milli Parkı, Bafa Gölü Tabiat Parkı, Azap Gölü, Sarıkemer taşkını, Avşar Gölü (taşkını) ve Büyük Menderes Nehrinin oluşturduğu su ve sulak alan sisteminde peyzaj bağlantılılığının mekansal ve tür temelli olarak tanımlanması yoluyla çalışma alanında bütüncül bir yönetim anlayışının oluşturulmasına ilişkin gerekliliğin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla öncelikle çalışma alanının habitat haritası oluşturulmuş ve peyzaj metrikleri ile habitatların mekansal bağlantılılığı değerlendirilmiştir. Daha sonra, fonksiyonel/işlevsel bağlantılılık analizlerinin ve türlere özgü ekolojik ağlarının saptanmasında kullanılan ArcGIS yazılımı araçlarından “least-cost corridor”dan yararlanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda fiziksel bağlantılılığın bazı türler veya tür grupları için işlevsel bağlantılılığı destekleyebileceği/artırabileceğini ancak bunun tüm türler için bir gereklilik olmadığı görülmüştür. Ancak, doğal ve yarı doğal habitatların sağladığı ekolojik işlevlerin ve ekosistem hizmetlerinin desteklenmesi ve sürdürülebilirliği bakımından, doğrusal habitatların büyük önem taşıdığı anlaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, iki korunan alan ve bu alanlar arasında kalan tarım alanlarının bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele alınarak yönetilmesi gerekliliği ortaya koyularak geleceğe yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
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