Larval stages of trematodes obtained from the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) as intermediate host were studied by using cercarial emergence and crushing snails. Between December 2004 and September 2009 snails from one hundred twenty locations in Thailand were collected every two months for one year at each sampling site. Counts per unit of time method was used in this study, and the samples of snails were collected every 10 minutes per sampling by five collectors. The cercarial stages were examined using shedding and crushing methods. The infection rate was found to be 18.79%, i.e. 6,019 animals infected in a total of 32,026. Nine different types in eighteen species of cercariae were categorized, viz. are (1) Parapleurophocercous

The location of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) in relation to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the iliac crest was investigated in 96 embalmed cadaveric specimens. Fifty-six nerves (58.3%) passed medial to the ASIS. Twenty-two nerves (22.9%) passed at the ASIS. Eighteen nerves (18.8%) passed lateral to the ASIS. The LFCN is usually located at 2.1 +/- 0.8 to 3.9 +/- 1.0 cm below the crest in the range of 2-5 cm lateral to the ASIS, respectively. When the anterior iliac crest bone graft harvesting is planned, the anatomical variation in this area should be concerned to reduce the risk of LFCN injury.

Purpose: Following the radial head replacement, the surface mismatches between the implants and the morphological characteristics of the original proximal radius decreased contact areas and increased contact forces which is potential for the long-term articulating cartilage wear. Several studies demonstrated that the individualized prosthesis, created from computed tomographic (CT) images of the contralateral side with the reverse engineering technology, may reduce the mismatch. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the matching precision of the reverse contralateral head between the surface registration in tuberosity-neck (TN) area and in tuberosity-diaphysis (TD) area. Materials and Methods: Highresolution CT scan of 11 pairs of the cadaveric arms was performed. Utilizing advanced image processing techniques, three-dimensional (3-D) models of each specimen was generated. The model of the left side was reversed and matched with the model of the right side in the same cadaver by registering in the area of radial neck along with tuberosity (TN) and in the area of radial tuberosity combined with 2 cm of proximal diaphysis (TD). The alteration of the head diameter, dish diameter, articular depth, head thickness, end-plane angle, offset, and head volume were evaluated and analyzed by paired t-test. Results: No statistically significant difference was found in all parameters from both TN and TD registrations (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The surface registration in either TN or TD area can generate the statistically symmetrical 3-D model with the original head. The registration in these areas may possibly be used in creating the individualized radial head prosthesis.