Leak detection in transmission pipelines is crucially essential for safe operation. Pipeline leak detection systems play a crucial role to minimize the probability of occurrence of leaks and hence their impacts. The distribution pipelines in case of urban water supply need to monitor for contaminants such as microbial growth, internal corrosion of the pipe's material and other deposits. In addition to the loss of water resources, the contaminant can be infiltrated into the piping system. These contaminants affect not only the quality of the water but also the smoothness of the water pipe flow due to the pressure loss and additional frictions. Therefore, it is essential that this problem be quickly detected and repaired. Today there are many available technologies in the domain of leak detection. This paper will provide you with a fundamental understanding of the operating principles of currently available pipeline leak detection technologies.

Tricortical cortico-cancellous bone allografts from the anterior iliac crest are routinely used in revision arthroplasty and to treat non-union. Trans-iliac herniation (TIH) has been reported as an exceptional complication after extensive graft harvesting. The various reconstruction techniques include isolated parietal reconstruction and combined parietal and bone reconstruction using allografts or a spacer to reconstruct the bone defect. No previous study has evaluated a combined reconstruction technique involving both bone reconstruction with a titanium plate and abdominal wall reconstruction with a parietal reinforcement prosthesis. This technical note describes the evaluation of an original combined reconstruction technique used after failure of isolated parietal reconstruction to treat TIH. Through a direct approach to the anterior iliac crest, the bone defect was repaired using a flexible titanium cranio-facial reconstruction plate and the abdominal wall defect using a polypropylene/poliglecaprone parietal reinforcement prosthesis. This original technique was demonstrated to be effective for treating TIH, with no recurrence after 2.5 years of follow-up. In addition, this technique involves no added morbidity related, for instance, to allograft using or spacer migration.

Water pipeline leakage is a common problem in almost every country in the world which has become a shared concern today. While some regions do not even have the access to clean and treated water, others have seen millions of litres of water wasted every day due to leakages which probably could have been sufficient to serve the needy. In most cases, the detrimental effects associated with the occurrence of leaks may present serious problems and therefore, leaks must be quickly detected, located and repaired. Recent advances in sensor technology have resulted in a wide application of sensor networks for the purpose of leakage management. Currently, researchers have gone as far as putting the sensors inside the pipeline itself to identify, locate and estimate the leak size. In the current study, CFD simulations were used to find the drag coefficient associated with the designs prepared which is an important parameter in this study. The work has been validated with the previous work. The main outcome from the study was the drag coefficient produced from the proposed model is significantly higher than the reference design. For the water pipe case, this a favourable outcome.

Every day, millions of litres of water are wasted due to leaks, water that could have been used to help the poor. Leaks must be quickly detected, located, and repaired in most circumstances because the negative impacts linked with their existence might cause major problems. Sensor networks are now widely used for leakage management as a result of recent developments in sensor technology. Researchers have now gone further to embed sensors into the pipeline itself in order to detect, locate, and quantify the size of the leak. As a result, the current article's goal is to propose a new leakage detector shape and evaluate its performance through experiments. A water pipe experiment using a high-speed camera is carried out in the experimental work. All the components of experiment setup are mounted together on the built test rig and test section of the experiment only to be tested to get stable water flow, reasonable reading of digital flowmeter, no leakage of the pipe connection and good lighting to improve the visionary quality for the data collection. Three mobility modules Design 1, Design 2 and Design 3 which were designed and numerically validated by Zaki et al., [14] through his research are tested in this experiment. In order to further enhance the performance of mobility module of Design 3, a new improved design of mobility module, Design 4 is tested in the pipeline to determine the performance when simulated in real pipe conditions to identify pipeline leaking. The mobility module's performance has been improved by design optimization so that it can work in real-world pipe conditions. The basic shape remains the same as the mobility module selected in the last comparison.

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