All scientists depend on both reading and writing to do their scientific work. It is of paramount importance to ensure that students have a relevant repertoire of practices they can employ when facing scientific content inside and outside the school context. The present study reports on students in seventh grade acting as researchers. Over an 8‐week collaborative research period, students posed their own research question, attempted to answer it by systematically testing hypotheses, discussing findings, presenting their conclusions, and documenting their process in a written report. Drawing on the perspectives of New Literacy Studies—which sees literacy as socially situated—we analyze the purpose of all the 21 participating students’ texts (n = 344). Video observations and interviews with students are used to contextualize the writing events. We find that the students chose to write multiple kinds of texts for a variety of purposes. Analyzing purpose and the context, three stages of socialization into scientific writing is revealed, ranging from what the students write on their own initiative, via texts written through challenges to demanding research tasks scaffolded through writing instructions given by the teacher. Further, the students emphasized the relevance of both the research experience and the writing to their future adult life.
This study investigates how students and teachers perceive learning outcomes when employing an inquiry-based learning approach, and how this relates to two conflicting perspectives on teaching and learning in the Norwegian curriculum. The informants are strategically chosen from among Norwegian elementary schools that use the 'students as researchers' approach, whereby the students develop research questions, form hypotheses, decide which research methods to use, and conduct the research. The conceptualization of learning outcome is connected to the traditions of Didaktik, whereby matter and meaning are separated and the outcome cannot be predicted in advance, and outcome-based education, where the learning outcome is defined in advance as the first element of instructional planning. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the data was analysed qualitatively using the NVivo 12 software. Although the students engage with the same subject matter, the results show a considerable variation in what they report having learned. Additionally, the teachers are often unable to plan for the outcomes of the lessons. Our findings therefore emphasize why an awareness of different understandings of teaching and learning is decisive in capturing perceived learning when applying methods such as 'students as researchers'.
Sakpreget skriving i skolen bærer ofte preg av avskrift og har læreren som eneste mottaker. I denne artikkelen vises en annen praksis, der elevene gjør stoffet til sitt, fordi de har noen andre enn læreren å skrive til. I denne studien analyseres utviklingen av én elevtekst, samskrevet av åtte elever. Denne kasusstudien følger skriveprosessen til en gruppe elever på sjuende trinn som deltar i forskningskonkurransen "Nysgjerrigper". Tekstens forløp fra tegning, via avskrift til en populærvitenskapelig artikkel, blir satt inn i en kontekst gjennom videoobservasjon og elevintervjuer. Tekster i elevenes forskningsarbeid er utgangpunkt for studien. Jeg bruker en triangulering av datamateriale gjennom 14 timer videoobservasjon med helklassekamera og hodekamera på tre elever, innsamling av 53 elevtekster samt video- og tekststimulerte intervju av elever. Literacyhendelsene i hele tekstutviklingsløpet, kalt tekstbanen, analyseres ved bruk av skrivetrekanten. Funn tyder på at lærerens innføring av interne mottakere – elever på skolen, og påpeking av eksterne mottakere – juryen i forskningskonkurransen, ser ut til å påvirke elevene til å utvikle teksten. Jeg drøfter om en literacydidaktikk kan konkretiseres ved å framheve skriving som sosial praksis. Nøkkelord: Literacy, literacydidaktikk, skriving, mottakerbevissthet, tekstbane, Nysgjerrigper, kasusstudieAbstractFactual writing in school tends to consist of direct copying with the teacher as the only recipient. This article shows another praxis, with students appropriating the content because they have someone other than the teacher as audience. This case study analyses the writing process of a collectively written student text produced by eight students in grade 7. The text was produced as part of their participation in the research competition "Nysgjerrigper". The process of text production is traced, placed in context through video observation and student interviews, from drawing to article production within the field of popular science. The data for analysis consists of 14 hours of whole class video observation and observation of three individual students through use of a head mounted camera. The collection of 53 student texts and video and text stimulated student interviews are included as well. The literacy practices employed throughout the development of the text or the "text trajectory" is analyzed using the writing triangle. Results indicate that the inclusion of an internal intended audience – students at the school – as well as an external intended audience - the jury in the research contest motivated the students to improve the text. As a result, the potential of a promotion of writing as a social practice in developing a model of literacy didactic is explored.Key words: Literacy, literacy didactics, writing, receiver awareness, text trajectory, Nysgjerrigper, case study
Våren 2020 hadde norske elever hjemmeskole som et resultat av covid-19-pandemien. Denne artikkelen bygger på 203 tekster om hjemmeskolen skrevet av elever på barnetrinnet i denne perioden. I artikkelen undersøker vi hva og hvordan elevene skriver om hjemmeskolen, kategorisert med utgangspunkt i Normprosjektets skrivehandlingskategorier. Resultatene viser for det første at de fleste elevene velger reflekterende eller beskrivende skrivehandlinger. Refleksjonene hos de yngre elevene går ofte over i egenvurdering. For det andre ser vi hos de eldre elevene flere skrivehandlinger benyttet, som overbevisende og forestillende skrivehandlinger. Disse elevene bruker videre flere ulike ressurser som modaliteter, tekststruktur og skriveredskaper enn de yngste elevene i studien. I drøftingen av resultatene knytter vi det første til en skolsk tekstkultur som innebaerer refleksjon over og vurdering av egen innsats og faglige utvikling, i motsetning til en narrativ struktur som ellers ofte brukes av yngre elever. Det andre kopler vi til at økt literacy hos eldre elever gir flere innganger til å formidle sin hjemmeskoleopplevelse, der overbevisende skrivehandliger kan gi et sterkere følelsesuttrykk og forestillende skrivehandlinger kan forstørre forskjellene elevene opplever mellom fysisk og digital hjemmeskole.
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