Drawing on decades of work as allies with Indigenous families and communities in Canada, the authors present a review of literature on intergenerational, historical trauma and the effects of early trauma. Included in the review are critical considerations as to whether understanding of stressed human capacity, as described by family members of various generations affected by traumatic events, may be increased through exploring the developmental implications of complex trauma. Research on brain-based effects of early trauma and work from the field of epigenetics may contribute other components to the understanding of complex, intergenerational impacts of multiple trauma contexts. Informed support for individuals and families combined with political advocacy at a systems level is critical in intergenerational trauma work in order to break historic patterns affecting family development and interactions.

DiscussionThe mean daily excretions of cyclic AMP as weIl as cyclic GMP, expressed either in total amount per 24 hrs or referred to the creatinine excretion, were all in the normal range (Broadus et al. 1971, Steiner et al. 1972. Wide variations were observed in day to day cyclic nucleotide excretions for the long obser· vation period. This is at variance with previous ob· servations reported by others (Murad and Park 1972).It should be pointed out that all the presently in· vestigated volunteers were on normal hospital duties, while the data reported untiJ now were related, in most cases, to resting patients.The observed patterns do not confirm the existence of a urinary cyclic AMP peak at midcycle as it has been previously claimed (Taylor et al. 1970), since in the present study increased urinary cAMP excre· tion appears in only 50% of the investigated women. Moreover, other factors might account for the cyclic AMP elevation when observed. The inconstancy in the increase is further emphazised by the pattern pre· sented by subject ST, who was studied during 2 ovulatory periods, in this case a marked increase oe· curred during the first ovulatory phase but not dur· ing the other. Urinary cyclic AMP excretion thus apo pears of limited application in studying hormonal effects on specific target tissues.Interpretation of the increase cyclic GMP excretion du ring the luteal phase observed in 10 out of 12 sub· jects remains difficuIt since the role of cyclic GMP in hormone action and its relationship with cyclic AMP are still incompletely understood.The lack of correlation between the excretion of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP does not support the hypo thesis of a coordinated control of these cyclic nucleotides during the menstrual cyde. AcknowledgementsThe authors are grateful to the 12 women who accepted to be volunteers for these investigations. They thank Ms. Ch. Borrey and Ms. M. Opdenbcrg for thc preparation of the manuscript. This work was realized within the framework of thc Ass()ciation Euratom-University of Brussels -University of Pisa, thanks to agrant of the Ministere de la Politique Scienti· fique and to the Fondation pour la Recherche en Endocrinologie Sexuelle et la Reproduction Humaine (FRESERH). References Beck, K.J., P. Schönhüfer, H. Schlebusch: Studies on cyclic adenosine 3',S'-monophosphate concentrations in human cervical mucus. Acta Endocr. 72: 42 Suppl. 173 (1973) Broadus,

The purpose of this article is to share approaches for Indigenous students who are novice researchers at post-secondary settings in finding space and culturally relevant ways of representing their worldview in research through Indigenous methodologies and cultural frameworks. While there may be some similarities between Indigenous methodologies and Western qualitative research approaches, there are obvious cultural differences. This article presents an example of an Indigenous Māori centered approach and examples of Aboriginal approaches using Indigenous research methodology through cultural frameworks that may have relevance to both Indigenous students and non-Indigenous allies who support them on their research journey.

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